Utilisateur:Kimdime/Population de loup gris par pays

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The global wolf population is estimated at 300,000[1]:225

Once abundant over much of North America and Eurasia, the gray wolf inhabits a smaller portion of its former range because of widespread destruction of its habitat, human encroachment of its habitat, and the resulting human-wolf encounters that sparked broad extirpation. Considered as a whole, however, the gray wolf is regarded as being of least concern for extinction according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Today, wolves are protected in some areas, hunted for sport in others, or may be subject to extermination as perceived threats to people, livestock and pets.

Wolves tend to quickly adapt to change, and are often referred to as an indicator species; a species delineating an ecoregion or indicating an environmental condition such as a disease outbreak, pollution, species competition or climate change. Wolves do not seem to be able to adapt as readily to expanding civilization the way coyotes do. While human expansion has seen an increase in the latter's numbers, it has caused a drop in those of the former.[2]

L'Europe[modifier | modifier le code]

Europe, excluding Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, has 12,000 wolves in over 28 countries.[3]

Groenland[modifier | modifier le code]

Greenland has a population of 20–100 wolves, which are afforded protection in approximately 90% of their range, though no compensation is paid for livestock damage.[4]

Europe du Sud[modifier | modifier le code]

Portugal[modifier | modifier le code]

Portugal has a stable wolf population of 200–300, which is afforded full protection. Compensation is paid for livestock damage.

Espagne[modifier | modifier le code]

Spain's wolf population is estimated at 2,000–3,000 and growing. Wolves are considered a game species, though they are protected in the southern regions of the country. Compensation is paid for livestock damage, though this varies according to region. The population is expanding southwards and eastwards from the northwest, having recently reached Madrid, Ávila, Guadalajara and Salamanca. A southern relict population has survived in Andalusia, although contrary to the populations in the northwest and centre of the country, it is not doing well.[5]

Italie[modifier | modifier le code]

In Italy, wolves are a protected species with current estimates indicating that there are 600-700 wolves living in the wild (according to other sources, up to 800). The population is steady.[6] The largest concentrations of wolves occur in the Italian national parks in Abruzzo, mostly in the Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise, in Calabria, in the Pollino, on Appennino Tosco-Emiliano, and, more recently, on the Alps. Isolated individuals have been sighted in the vicinity of human populated areas such as Tuscany, Bologna, Parma and Tarquinia. Wolves have also been sighted denning 25 miles from Rome, with one small population living in the regional park of Castelli Romani.[7][8] Currently, Italian wolf populations are said to have been increasing at a rate of 6% a year since the 1970s, though 15% of the total Italian wolf population is reported to succumb annually to illegal poaching and road accidents.[9] Compensation is paid by regional governments for livestock damage. Italy's leading wolf biologist, professor Luigi Boitani of the Sapienza University of Rome, expressed concern that the Italian wolf recovery may have been too successful, due to a large portion of the public refusing to concede to the possibility of rising wolf populations requiring management in the future.

Slovénie[modifier | modifier le code]

Slovenia has a stable population of c. 40–60 wolves.[10] Since 1991, they have been a protected species, and compensation is paid for livestock losses.[réf. nécessaire]

Croatie[modifier | modifier le code]

Croatia has a stable population of around 200 wolves.[11] Since May 1995, they have been a protected species, and the willful killing of wolves can result in a fine equivalent to $6,000. However, according to Dr. Djuro Huber of the University of Zagreb, illegal wolf killings increased after the protection scheme began, resulting in the deaths of 40 wolves. Compensation is paid for livestock losses.

Bosnie-Herzégovine[modifier | modifier le code]

Bosnia and Herzegovina is thought to have a population of 400 wolves, though they are decreasing in number and are afforded no legal protection. Compensation for livestock losses is not paid.

Serbie[modifier | modifier le code]

The former State Union of Serbia and Montenegro has a stable population of 500 wolves, though it is unknown if they are afforded any protection and no compensation is paid for livestock damage.

Macédoine[modifier | modifier le code]

The Republic of Macedonia has an increasing, yet unprotected population of 1,000 wolves, with no livestock compensation programmed.

Albanie[modifier | modifier le code]

Albania has a protected population of 250 wolves, which are increasing in number, though no compensation is paid for livestock losses.

Grèce[modifier | modifier le code]

Greece has a stable population of approximately 700 wolves, which are legally protected. Compensation is paid for livestock losses, with over 80% of it from insurance.

Europe de l'Ouest[modifier | modifier le code]

France[modifier | modifier le code]

In France the population is said to be composed of 70-180 individuals and growing rapidly. Wolves crossed over into Southern France from Italy through the Alps in the 1990s. Estimates in 2005 put the figure at between 80 and 100.[12] Under the Berne Convention, wolves are listed as an endangered species and killing them is illegal. Official culls are permitted to protect farm animals so long as there is no threat to the national population as a whole.[13] Compensation is paid for livestock damage.

Allemagne[modifier | modifier le code]

Wolves were first spotted in Germany in 1998, and are thought to have migrated from western Poland.[14] Currently, there are around 150 wolves in 26 packs now roaming in Germany, most of them in the eastern German region of Lusatia, and they are now still expanding their range to the west and north.[15] In July 2012, for the first time in 150 years, wolves were born in Heidekreis in Lower Saxony, which confirms the spread of wolves from the eastern part of Germany.[16] [17] In October 2014 Lower Saxony had a wolf population of circa 50 animals: 5 packs, all with confirmed pups in 2014, 2 confirmed mated pairs and one territorial unpaired female.[18][19] Under German law wolves are a protected species; in several regions livestock damage compensation programmes exist.

Belgique et Pays-bas[modifier | modifier le code]

In 2011 wolves were spotted in Belgium and the Netherlands in several locations. The different lone wolves are probably from the French or Italian populations.[20][21] Since wildlife corridors and wildlife crossings over highways are being created that connect wildlife areas in the Netherlands, such as the Veluwezoom National Park and the Oostvaardersplassen with the Klever Reichswald in Germany, nature conservation organisations expect wolves to migrate to the low countries in the near future.[22][23][24]

Suisse[modifier | modifier le code]

In Switzerland there is one wolf pack in the Calanda mountain and several lone wolves.[25] Wolves are afforded protection, and livestock damage compensation is paid by Cantons. Swiss authorities gave permission to shoot eight wolves between the years 2000 and 2013.[26]

Europe du Nord[modifier | modifier le code]

Norvège[modifier | modifier le code]

Norway's wolf population is located in the south-east, close to the Swedish border, and consists of around 68 wolves.[27] The population is protected and compensation is paid for livestock damage, however in 2016 Norway planned to kill more than two-thirds of its population, with as many as 47 at risk of being shot. In 2015 more than 11,000 hunters applied for licenses to kill 16 wolves.[28]

Suède[modifier | modifier le code]

Sweden has a protected population of around 300 wolves. Compensation is paid for livestock damage.[29]

Danemark[modifier | modifier le code]

The last wolf in Denmark was shot in 1813, but in 2009, 2010 and 2012 there was speculation that a wolf had crossed the border from Germany due to numerous observations, with the latest in Thy National Park.[30][31] This was confirmed after an autopsy, which also concluded that the particular wolf had died from side effects of a cancerous tumor. It was the first known wolf in Denmark for 199 years.[32] In 2013, three different lone wolves have been observed in Denmark.[33] According to local biologists based on sound recordings, one pair have had pups. Compensation is paid for livestock damage.[34]

Finlande[modifier | modifier le code]

Finland has an almost stable population of 97–106 wolves. In the beginning of 2016 wolf population was approximately 300 to 350 wolves. Wolves are legally hunted only in areas with high reindeer densities. Compensation for livestock losses are paid by the state and insurance companies. The population is connected to the large Russian wolf population.

Estonie[modifier | modifier le code]

Estonia has a quite stable wolf population of around 200, down from around 500 in the middle of the 1990s. The official standpoint considers the optimal population to be 100–200.[35] At rough scale the distribution range includes the whole country.[36] In 2007, new version of the law on nature conservation introduced compensation for livestock damage, paid by the state.[37]

Lituanie[modifier | modifier le code]

La Lituanie a une population de 300-400 loups, leur nombre est en augmentation[38].

Lettonie[modifier | modifier le code]

Latvia has an unprotected population of 600 wolves, down from 900 in the middle of the 1990s.[39] No compensation is paid for livestock damage.

Europe de l'Est[modifier | modifier le code]

Pologne[modifier | modifier le code]

Poland has a population of 700–800 wolves and increasing. Since 1995, they have been a protected species, and compensation is paid for livestock losses.[40][41]

Biélorussie[modifier | modifier le code]

Belarus is home to a population of 1,500–2,000 wolves.[42] With the exception of specimens in nature reserves, wolves in Belarus are largely unprotected. They are designated a game species, and bounties ranging between €60 and €70 are paid to hunters for each wolf killed. This is a considerable sum in a country where the average monthly wage is €230.[43] No compensation is paid for livestock losses.

Ukraine[modifier | modifier le code]

Ukraine has an unprotected, yet stable population of 2,000 wolves. Since May 2007, the killing of pregnant females and pups is banned.[44] No compensation is paid for livestock losses. Many of the wolves live in the Zone of alienation north of Chernobyl, where they face few natural threats. This applies equally to the Belarusian part of the zone.[45]

République tchèque[modifier | modifier le code]

The Czech Republic has a stable and protected population of 20 wolves, though there are no livestock damage compensation programmes.

Slovaquie[modifier | modifier le code]

Slovakia has a stable population of 350-400 wolves, which are considered a game species, though with some exceptions.[46] No compensation is paid for livestock losses.

Hongrie[modifier | modifier le code]

La hongrie a une population stable de 250 loups, qui sont protégés, bien que, à quelques exceptions près. Aucune indemnisation n'est versée pour l'élevage des dommages.

Roumanie[modifier | modifier le code]

Romania has an increasing population of 2,500 wolves, which are granted legal protection. No compensation is paid for livestock damage.

Bulgarie[modifier | modifier le code]

Bulgaria has a stable population of 1,000–1,200 wolves, which are granted no legal protection. Wolves are considered a nuisance and have an active bounty on them. No compensation is paid for livestock damage.

Turquie[modifier | modifier le code]

Turkey has population of about 7,000 wolves, though this seem to be an overestimate.[47] There are some local extinctions especially in the western parts of Turkey and the wolf population is declining in Turkey as a whole. Historically, the wolf has officially been considered a pest species and so it was hunted throughout the year without any limits. It was only in 2003 that the wolf received the status of a game species. Although wolves in Turkey are not legally protected, the gained status of a game species means that wolves can only be hunted with a license using established quotas which are restricted to hunting seasons.[48] No compensation is paid for livestock damage.

Russie[modifier | modifier le code]

Although wolves in Russia have no legal protection, they number 25,000–30,000, and are probably increasing in number in some regions, such as Koryak Okrug and Kalmykia.[49] Some villages in Chechnya's Nadterechny district have been reporting increasing wolf numbers since the decrease of military activities.[50] On the other hand, in more populated regions of Central and Southern Russia the number of wolves is very small.[51] In some regions, bounties are paid for the destruction of wolves and dens.[52] Wolves live in comparatively few numbers in the Sikhote-Alin region due to competition with increasing tiger numbers.[53] This competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters in the Far East to tolerate the big cats, as they limit ungulate populations less than wolves, and are effective in controlling the latter's numbers.[54] No livestock damage compensation is paid.

Asie[modifier | modifier le code]

Proche-Orient[modifier | modifier le code]

Syrie[modifier | modifier le code]

Syria has an unprotected, unknown number of wolves, thought to be roughly numbering 200. No livestock damage compensation is paid.

Irak[modifier | modifier le code]

Iraq has a stable population of around 115 wolves; no livestock compensation is paid.[réf. nécessaire]

Liban[modifier | modifier le code]

Lebanon has a population of about 50 wolves. Wolves are afforded no legal protection, nor is livestock damage compensation paid.

Israël[modifier | modifier le code]

Un loup dans Le Sud D'Israël

Israel has a stable population of 150 protected wolves. Some livestock damage compensation paid.[55]

Jordanie[modifier | modifier le code]

Jordan has an unprotected, unknown number of wolves, thought to be roughly numbering 200. The population is decreasing due to hunting. No livestock damage compensation is paid.

Arabie saoudite[modifier | modifier le code]

Saudi Arabia has a stable population of 250 to 700 wolves, which are given no legal protection. No livestock damage compensation is paid.

Asie du Sud[modifier | modifier le code]

Inde[modifier | modifier le code]

India has a decreasing population of roughly 1,000 wolves, which are legally protected. Populations are decreasing due to hunting from farmers. No livestock damage compensation is paid.

Iran[modifier | modifier le code]

Iran has a population of 3,000 wolves. As of 2015 the government pays for livestock killed by wolves. There is also a $3,000 fine for hunting wolves.[réf. nécessaire]

Asie de l'Est[modifier | modifier le code]

Chine[modifier | modifier le code]

Wolves in China appear to be decreasing in all their ranges. Currently, Heilongjiang has roughly 650 wolves, Xinjiang has 10,000 and Tibet has 2,000. In 2006, the Chinese government began plans to auction licenses to foreigners to hunt wild animals, including wolves.[56] No livestock damage compensation is paid.

Mongolie[modifier | modifier le code]

Mongolia has a stable population of 10,000–20,000 wolves, which are given no legal protection, nor is livestock damage compensation paid.

Asie centrale[modifier | modifier le code]

Kazakhstan has a stable population of about 30,000 wolves. About 2,000 are killed yearly for a $40 bounty, though the animal’s numbers have risen sharply.[57] No livestock damage compensation is paid.

Le turkménistan a une population stable de 1 000 loups, qui ne sont pas protégés. Pas de bétail compensation est versée.

Uzbekistan has a stable population of 2,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.

Kyrgyzstan has a stable population of 4,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.

Tajikistan has a stable population of 3,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.

There are currently no recent or reliable estimates on wolf populations in Afghanistan, Nepal or Bhutan.

Amérique Du Nord[modifier | modifier le code]

A radio collared wolf in Yellowstone National Park

Canada[modifier | modifier le code]

Captive Mexican wolf at Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico

Canada has over 60,000 wolves, which are legally considered a big game species, though they are afforded protection in 3% of Canada's territory. The Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon have 5,000 wolves each, British Columbia has 8,500 wolves,[58] Alberta 4,200, Saskatchewan 4,300, Manitoba 4,000-6,000, Ontario 9,000, Quebec 5,000 and Labrador 2,000. Canada currently has no livestock damage compensation programmes. In the fall of 2012, the government of British Columbia was considering a cull of the wolf population in some areas. In the winter of 2015 the government of British Columbia began undertaking a cull of up to 184 wolves in an effort to combat dwindling caribou populations in the South Selkirk Mountains and the South Peace region. The cull, like ones before it, is opposed by some environmental groups.[59]

On 12 March 2012, a grey wolf, mistakenly thought to be a coyote, was shot on Newfoundland. It was the first confirmed grey wolf on Newfoundland since ca. 1930.[60]

Etats-unis[modifier | modifier le code]

The United States as a whole has up to 18,000 wolves, about two thirds of which are in Alaska.[61] They are increasing in number in all their ranges. Wolf recovery has been so successful that the United States Fish & Wildlife Service removed the western gray wolf from the federal endangered species list on March 28, 2008.[62] Due to the controversy over wolf shootings, a coalition of environmental groups sued the federal government to put the gray wolf back on the Endangered Species list.[63] On July 18, 2008, a federal judge ruled in favor of renewed endangered species protection.[64] Alaska has a stable population of 10,500-12,000 wolves, which are legally hunted from August to April ( in deer-rich areas ) as a big game species.[65]

Minnesota has a population of 4,100[66] wolves, which are legally protected, though they are occasionally culled for depredation control. Minnesota has been granted complete control over its wolf population, and its wolf management plan establishes a minimum population of 1,600 wolves.[67]

Both Wisconsin and Michigan have healthy populations of 750 each.[68][69] On December 19, 2014, all wolves in states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota became protected again under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.[70]

The Northern Rocky Mountain states (Wyoming, Idaho and Montana) have an approximate population of 1,657 wolves in 282 packs (including 85 breeding pairs).[71]

Two gray wolves were captured in north-central Washington state in July 2008, one of which was a nursing female. This is the first evidence of reproducing wolves in the state since the 1930s.[72] As of the end of 2014, Washington has at least 68 wolves in 16 packs with 5 breeding pairs.[73]

In northeast Oregon, also in July 2008, wolf howls were heard by biologists who identified at least 2 adults and 2 pups. This was the first confirmed breeding pair in Oregon.[74] By December 2011, Oregon's gray wolf population had grown to 24. One of the Oregon gray wolves, known as OR-7, traveled more than 700 miles (1,100km) to the Klamath Basin and crossed the border into California.[75] Wolf OR-7 became the first wolf west of the Cascades in Oregon since the last bounty was claimed in 1947.[76] Oregon's wolf population increased to 77 wolves in 15 packs with 8 breeding pairs as of the end of 2015. As a result, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife proposed to delist wolves from their protected species list.[77] On January 14, 2009, the United States Department of the Interior removed the Canadian gray wolf from the Endangered Species List in every American state except Wyoming.[78] This move was blocked by lawsuits filed by conservation groups, but was successfully delisted on April 15, 2011 by the US Congress as part of a budget bill.[79]

On August 31, 2012, Governor Matt Mead of Wyoming announced that wolves were no longer on the endangered species list in the state of Wyoming; therefore, they no longer need special protections from the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The wolf population in Wyoming is then controlled by the state. But on September 23, 2014, wolves in Wyoming are again listed as nonessential experimental population under the Endangered Species Act.[80]

Overall, as of the end of 2014, the Northwestern United States, with the exception of Alaska, has an estimated population of 1,802 wolves.

Mexique[modifier | modifier le code]

The wolf has been extirpated from Mexico since the 1970s when the U.S. and Mexican governments cooperated to capture all remaining wild Mexican wolves and initiate a captive-breeding program in an attempt to save the local subspecies. The Mexican Wolf was reintroduced into the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest in Arizona in 1998 as part of a captive breeding program. There are at least 42 wild Mexican wolves in the southwest United States in 2008.[81] In 2014, there are around 83 Mexican wolves in the wild.[82]

On October 27, 2014, a collared wolflike canid was seen in north of Grand Canyon, in November 2014, the same animal was videoed,[83] it was confirmed to be a northwestern wolf from the Northern Rocky Mountains in November 21, 2014.[84] On December 28, 2014, it was shot dead in southwestern Utah near Arizona border.[85]

Références[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ (en) Coren, Stanley, Do Dogs Dream? : Nearly Everything Your Dog Wants You to Know, Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc,
  2. ↑ (en) Coppinger, Ray, Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution, , 352 p. (ISBN 0-684-85530-5, lire en ligne)
  3. ↑ http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/europe-great-place-be-large-meat-eater-180953664/?no-ist
  4. ↑ (en) L. David Mech & Luigi Boitani, Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation, , 448 p. (ISBN 0-226-51696-2)
  5. ↑ [1]
  6. ↑ Esposito 2007, pp. 14-15.
  7. ↑ (Italian)

    [[Category:Articles with Italian-language external links|Category:Articles with Italian-language external links]] Parco Regionale dei Castelli Romani

  8. ↑ Wolves: From Brink of Extinction to the Edge of the City
  9. ↑ (it) Luigi Boitani & Paolo Ciucci, "Il Lupo: Operazione San Francesco" from "Salvati dall' Arca", , 663 p. (ISBN 9788883723803)
  10. ↑ (langue non reconnue : slovene) Petra Trček, « Pri nas živi okoli 52 volkov, večina na Notranjskem in Kočevskem », Notranjskoprimorske novice,‎ (lire en ligne)
  11. ↑ (en) Gomerčić, « High genetic variability of grey wolf (Canis lupus L.) population from Croatia as revealed by mitochondrial DNA control region sequences », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant, paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  12. ↑ Christian Science Monitor, 3 Nov 2005
  13. ↑ Wolf Song of Alaska: France's Bardot Demands EU Action on Wolf Cull
  14. ↑ « The Return of Wolves to Germany », Spiegel online (consulté le )
  15. ↑ « Aktueller Bestand in Deutschland », Wolfsregion Lausitz online (consulté le )
  16. ↑ « Wolfswelpen in Munster tappen in Fotofalle », NDR (consulté le )
  17. ↑ « Niedersachsenwolf » (consulté le )
  18. ↑ « Wolfsnachweise in Niedersachsen », Wildtiermanagement Niedersachsen (consulté le )
  19. ↑ « Wölfe in Niedersachsen », Niedersäschisches Ministerium für Umwelt, Energie und Klimaschutz (consulté le )
  20. ↑ « Duitse wolf blijkt Italiaan », wolveninnederland.nl (consulté le )
  21. ↑ « De wolf: terug in België », wolveninnederland.nl (consulté le )
  22. ↑ « Wolf caught on camera trap in Belgium - Video », wildlifeextra.com (consulté le )
  23. ↑ « terugkomst wolf nog onzeker », ARK Natuurontwikkeling (consulté le )
  24. ↑ « Wolf nu ook gezien op de Veluwe », Noord Hollands Dagblad (consulté le )
  25. ↑ « Wolfspräsenz in der Schweiz 2016 »
  26. ↑ http://www.kora.ch/index.php?id=291&L=0
  27. ↑ Svensson, Linn. et al. (2013).
  28. ↑ « Norway plans to cull more than two-thirds of its wolf population », The Guardian, (consulté le )
  29. ↑ Swedish EPA (2008-12-05).
  30. ↑ (da) « En ulv i Danmark? », Danish Forest and Nature Agency, (consulté le )
  31. ↑ (da) « Enlig, strejfende ulv er måske set i Nationalpark Thy », Danish Forest and Nature Agency, (consulté le )
  32. ↑ (da) « Det var en ulv », Danish Forest and Nature Agency, (consulté le )
  33. ↑ (da) « Ulve i Danmark », Danish Forest and Nature Agency, (consulté le )
  34. ↑ (da) « Midlertidig kompensationsordning for skader forvoldt af ulv », Danish Forest and Nature Agency, (consulté le )
  35. ↑ (Estonian)

    [[Catégorie:Articles with Estonian-language external links]] Keskkonnainfo: hunt

  36. ↑ « Report on the conservation status and threats for wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe » [PDF] (consulté le )
  37. ↑ (et) « Looduskaitseseadus », Riigi Teataja (consulté le )
  38. ↑ « Aplinkos ministerija », sur www.am.lt (consulté le )
  39. ↑ http://www.daba.gov.lv/upload/File/DOC/SAP_Vilks-08_EN.pdf
  40. ↑ (pl) « Status prawny wilka », Stowarzyszenie dla Natury „Wilk”,
  41. ↑ (pl) « Odszkodowania za szkody od drapieżników », Stowarzyszenie dla Natury „Wilk”,
  42. ↑ http://www.wolf.org/wolves/news/pdf/spring2007.pdf
  43. ↑ http://www.wolf.org/wolves/news/iwmag/2006/fall/wow_belarus.pdf
  44. ↑ Modèle {{Lien web}} : paramètre « titre » manquant. (ru) [2],
  45. ↑ http://www.whatson-kiev.com/index.php?go=News&in=view&id=4806
  46. ↑ (langue non reconnue : slovak) « Kvóta lovu vlka dravého pre poľovnícku sezónu 2013/2014 »,
  47. ↑ Çağan Şekercioğlu, « Turkey’s Wolves Are Texting Their Travels to Scientists », (consulté le )
  48. ↑ [3]
  49. ↑ Modèle {{Lien web}} : paramètre « titre » manquant. (ru) [4], Аргументы и факты (consulté le )
  50. ↑ Wolves Go on Offensive in Chechnya, Ruslan Isayev, Prague Watchdog September 25, 2007
  51. ↑ (ru) « Canis Lupus », Ecosystem
  52. ↑ Modèle {{Lien web}} : paramètre « titre » manquant. (ru) [5], Official Informer of Tomsk Government (consulté le )
  53. ↑ « Tigers and Wolves in the Russian Far East: Competitive Exclusion, Functional Redundancy, and Conservation Implications », savethetigerfund.org (consulté le )
  54. ↑ Wildlife Science: Linking Ecological Theory and Management Applications, By Timothy E. Fulbright, David G. Hewitt, Contributor Timothy E. Fulbright, David G. Hewitt, Published by CRC Press, 2007, [ISBN 0849374871]
  55. ↑ http://wolfpreservation.me/2013/09/03/only-2-countries-in-the-middle-east-protect-the-wolf/
  56. ↑ (en) « China to promote wild animal hunt », BBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  57. ↑ « Is Kazakhstan Home to the World’s Largest Wolf Population? », Christopher Pala, National Wildlife Federation (consulté le )
  58. ↑ (en) « B.C. considering wolf culls in new management plan », CBC News, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  59. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/wolf-cull-will-see-animals-shot-from-helicopter-to-save-b-c-caribou-1.2904364
  60. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/bonavista-n-l-coyote-was-really-wolf-tests-confirm-1.1147124
  61. ↑ https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/aboutwolves/WolfPopUS.htm
  62. ↑ « U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Gray Wolf webpage. », U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (consulté le )
  63. ↑ (en) Kirk Johnson, « In the West, a Fierce Battle over Wolves », The New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  64. ↑ (en) Felicity Barringer, « Judge Returns Gray Wolves to Endangered List », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant,‎ (lire en ligne)
  65. ↑ « Wolf management », Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (consulté le )
  66. ↑ Gray Wolf Population in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan (excluding Isle Royale) from 1976-2008, US Fish and Wildlife Service
  67. ↑ « Wolf populations around the world and their status » [archive du ] (consulté le )
  68. ↑ http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/er/mammals/wolf/wolf_facts.htm
  69. ↑ http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12145_12205-32569--,00.html
  70. ↑ http://news.sciencemag.org/plants-animals/2014/12/judge-returns-great-lakes-wolves-endangered-species-list
  71. ↑ « U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, State Agencies Release 2014 Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Population Numbers », sur fws.gov, (consulté le )
  72. ↑ (en) « State biologists capture Okanogan wolves », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant,‎ (lire en ligne)
  73. ↑ Gray Wolf Conservation and Management-Wolf Packs in Washington-Annual Report-Pack Statistics-(as of December 31, 2014)
  74. ↑ (en) Michael Milstein, « Wolves breeding again in Oregon », The Oregonian,‎ (lire en ligne)
  75. ↑ (en) « Former Imnaha pack wolf OR-7 enters California », Wallowa County Chieftain, Enterprise, Oregon,‎ (lire en ligne)
  76. ↑ (en) « Don't stop believing...The journey of OR7 », Oregon Wild, Portland, Oregon,‎ (lire en ligne)
  77. ↑ Dylan Darling, « ODFW: Wolf ready for state delisting Gray wolf could be coming off of Oregon’s protected species list », (consulté le )
  78. ↑ « Bush delists gray wolf in majority of U.S. », Washington Times,
  79. ↑ (en) Daniel Nasaw, « Congress strips grey wolf endangered species protection », BBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  80. ↑ http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/09/23/judge-restores-wolf-protections-wyoming/16120133/
  81. ↑ « Mexican Wolf Blue Range Reintroduction Project Statistics » [PDF], USFWS (consulté le )
  82. ↑ http://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/mexicanwolf/index.cfm
  83. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Su_NvK2Lfv8
  84. ↑ http://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/mexicanwolf/pdf/Grand_Canyon_Canid_fNR.11-20-14.pdf
  85. ↑ http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/endangered-grey-wolf-spotted-grand-5150820
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