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Modèle:Auculture La littérature australienne est née peu après la colonisation du pays par les Européens. Parmi les thèmes récurrents de cette littérature on peut citer l'identité aborigène et l'identité coloniale, l'aliénation, l'exil et le sens du lieu - bien que ceci soit un domaine vaste et sujet à controverse.

Les débuts[modifier | modifier le code]

Fichier:SLQ 73655 Furphy.jpg
Joseph Furphy

Dans les premières années, les récits à succès étaient du genre "ripping yarn", c'est-à-dire faisant le récit d'aventures rocambolesques ayant pour cadre l'outback australien. Des écrivains comme Rolf Boldrewood, Marcus Clarke et Joseph Furphy ont exprimé les idéaux nés de l'esprit de la "frontière" et ont tenté, en particulier pour Joseph Furphy, de restituer aussi précisément que possible la langue particulière des Australiens ordinaires. Ces romanciers ont également fourni des descriptions permettant une meilleure compréhension de la vie des bagnards qui ont contribué au développement du pays et en particulier des villages de l'intérieur.

Le premier roman australien, Quintus Servinton: A Tale founded upon Incidents of Real Occurrence fut écrit et publié en Tasmanie en 1831. Son auteur était le célèbre bagnard anglais Henry Savery, condamné pour contrefaçon/plagiat (forgery) ; le roman fut publié anonymement mais l'identité de son auteur ne fut bientôt plus un secret pour personne. L'ouvrage est consiéré comme étant une autobiographie à peine déguisée de son auteur, avec pour dessein de montrer à quel point son alter ego de fiction était différent des bagnards ordinaires.[1]

En 1838, le livre d'Anna Maria Bunn, The Guardian: a tale fut publié à Sydney. Ce fut à la fois le tout premier roman à être publié en Australie proprement dite (mainland) et le premier roman australien écrit par une femme. Il s'agit d'un roman "gothique".[1]

La poésie[modifier | modifier le code]

La poésie a joué un rôle important dans les premiers temps de la littérature australienne. Henry Lawson, né en 1867 et fils d'un marin norvégien, fut considéré par beaucoup comme le poète australien du peuple et, en 1922, il devint le premier écrivain à faire l'honneur de funérailles nationales. Parmi les plus grands poètes australiens ont peut aussi citer Christopher Brennan et Adam Lindsay Gordon ; pour Gordon, on a même parlé de lui comme étant le "poète national" de l'Australie et c'est le seul poète australien possédant sa statue dans le "Poet's Corner" de l' abbaye de Westminster en Angleterre.

Both Gordon’s and Brennan's (but particularly Brennan’s) works conformed to traditional styles of poetry, with many classical allusions, and therefore fell within the domain of high culture. However, at the same time Australia was blessed with a competing, vibrant tradition of folk songs and ballads. Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson were two of the chief exponents of these popular ballads, and ‘Banjo’ himself was responsible for creating what is probably the most famous Australian verse, Waltzing Matilda. Romanticised views of the outback and the rugged characters that inhabited it played an important part in shaping the Australian nation’s psyche, just as the cowboys of the American Old West and the gauchos of the Argentine pampa became part of the self-image of those nations.

Prominent Australian poets of the twentieth century include A. D. Hope, Judith Wright, Gwen Harwood, Kenneth Slessor, Les Murray and more recently John Forbes and John Tranter. More recent and emerging Australian poets include Judith Beveridge.

Contemporary Australian poetry is mostly published by small and independent book publishers. However, other kinds of publication, including new media and online journals, spoken word and live events, and public poetry projects are gaining an increasingly vibrant and popular presence. The Red Room Company, based in Sydney, is one of the most active and innovative companies in this field.

Ecriture et identité[modifier | modifier le code]

Barbara Baynton

A complicated, multi-faceted relationship to Australia is displayed in much Australian writing, often through writing about landscape. Barbara Baynton's short stories from the late 1800s/early 1900s convey people living in the bush, a landscape that is alive but also threatening and alienating. Kenneth Cook's Wake in Fright (1961) portrayed the outback as a nightmare with a blazing sun, from which there is no escape. Colin Thiele's novels reflected the life and times of rural and regional Australians in the 20th century, showing aspects of Australian life unknown to many city dwellers.

What it means to be Australian is another issue that Australian literature explores. Miles Franklin struggled to find a place for herself as a female writer in Australia, fictionalising this experience in My Brilliant Career (1901). Marie Bjelke Petersen's popular romance novels, published between 1917 and 1937, offered a fresh upbeat interpretation of the Australian bush. The central character in Patrick White's The Twyborn Affair tries to conform to expectations of pre-WWII Australian masculinity but cannot, and instead, post-war, tries out another identity - and gender - overseas. Peter Carey has toyed with the idea of a national Australian identity as a series of 'beautiful lies', and this is a recurrent theme in his novels. Andrew McGahan's Praise (1992) and Christos Tsiolkas's Loaded (1995) introduced a 'gritty realism' take on questions of Australian identity in the 1990s, though an important precursor to such work was Helen Garner's Monkey Grip (1977).

Australian literature has had several scandals surrounding the identity of writers. The 1944 Ern Malley affair led to an obscenity trial and is often blamed for the lack of modernist poetry in Australia. To mark the 60th anniversary of the Ern Malley affair another Australian writer, Leon Carmen, set out to make a point about the prejudice of Australian publishers against white Australians. Unable to find publication as a white Australian he was an instant success using the false Aboriginal identity of Wanda Koolmatrie with My Own Sweet Time. In the 1980s Streten Bozik also managed to become published by assuming the Aboriginal identity of B Wongar.In the 1990s, Helen Darville used the pen-name “Helen Demidenko” and won major literary prizes for her Hand that Signed the Paper before being discovered, sparking a controversy over the content of her novel, a fictionalised and highly tendentious account of the Nazi occupation of the Ukraine. Mudrooroo - previously known as Colin Johnson - was acclaimed as an Aboriginal writer until his Aboriginality came under question (his mother was Irish/English and his father was Irish/African-American, however he has strong connections with Aboriginal tribes); he now avoids adopting a specific ethnic identity and his works deconstruct such notions.

Other writers have felt that, whatever Australia was, it needed to be escaped. Clive James, Robert Hughes, Barry Humphries and Germaine Greer are all Australian writers who left Australia in the 1960s for England and America. Greer, author of The Female Eunuch, has spent much of her career in England and has been a fierce critic of her native land, and she does not return there often.

Autres thèmes[modifier | modifier le code]

David Malouf

On peut considérer que la littérature australienne a atteint sa maturité en 1973 lorsque Patrick White est devenu le premier auteur australien (et le seul pour l'instant) à se voir décerner le Prix Nobel de littérature. (Le lauréat du Prix Nobel 2003, John M. Coetzee, habite actuellement à Adelaïde, en Australie du Sud, mais il est originaire d'Afrique du Sud et n'est généralement pas considéré comme un auteur australien.) D'autres auteurs significatifs sont apparus depuis les années 1970, comme Peter Carey, Kate Grenville, David Malouf, Janette Turner Hospital, Marion Halligan, Christopher Koch, Alex Miller, Shirley Hazzard, Richard Flanagan et Tim Winton.

James Clavell in The Asian Saga discusses an important feature of Australian literature: its portrayal of far eastern culture, from the admittedly even further east, but nevertheless western cultural viewpoint, as Nevil Shute did. Clavell was also a successful screenwriter and along with such writers as Thomas Keneally, who won the Booker Prize for Schindler's Ark (the book Schindler's List is based on), has expanded the topics of Australian literature far beyond that one country. Other novelists to use international themes are Gerald Murnane and Brenda Walker.

Oeuvres aborigènes[modifier | modifier le code]

The voices of indigenous Australians have begun to be noticed and include the playwright Jack Davis, Kevin Gilbert, and poet and activist Oodgeroo Noonuccal. Sally Morgan's My Place was considered a breakthrough memoir in terms of bringing indigenous stories to wider notice.

The allegedly indigenous writer Mudrooroo was later shown not to be indigenous, but of Irish, English, and African-American descent. [2]

Writers coming to prominence in the 21st century include Alexis Wright and Tara June Winch.

Science fiction et littérature fantastique[modifier | modifier le code]

Article détaillé : Australian science fiction.

Policiers[modifier | modifier le code]

The Crime fiction genre is currently thriving in Australia, most notably through books written by Kerry Greenwood, Shane Maloney, Peter Temple, Barry Maitland and Peter Corris, among others.

Littérature historique[modifier | modifier le code]

History has been an important discipline in the development of Australian writing. A significant milestone was the historian Manning Clark's six volume History of Australia, which is regarded by some as the definitive account of the nation. Also important was art critic Robert Hughes' much-debated history The Fatal Shore.

Journaux littéraires[modifier | modifier le code]

Modèle:History of literature4 Most recent Australian literary journals have originated from universities - and specifically English or Communications departments. They include:

Other journals include:

A number of newspapers also carry literary review supplements:

Established online journals include:

Prix littéraires[modifier | modifier le code]

Current literary awards in Australia include:

Australian authors are also eligible for a number of other significant awards such as:

See the List of Australian literary awards for a more comprehensive listing of Australian literary awards.

Voir aussi[modifier | modifier le code]

Références[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ a et b G. Turcotte, « Australian Gothic » [PDF] - 12 pages, Faculty of Arts - Papers, University of Wollongong, (consulté le )
  2. ↑ The Literary Encyclopedia

Bibliographie[modifier | modifier le code]

Spielmann:Another 'Aboriginal' Confesses Hoax,South Coast Today, 1997 Laura Browder: Slippery characters: ethnic impersonators and American identities, 2000

Liens externes[modifier | modifier le code]


Modèle:Poetry of different cultures and languages

* fr:Littérature australienne

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