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Des projections centrales comme celle-ci (à partir du pôle Sud) ont été cooptées comme images du modèle de la Terre plate, l'Antarctique étant représenté comme un mur de glace[1],[2]entourant un disque.
22 images de la Terre vue de l'espace. Cette vision scientifique contemporaine de la Terre comme un globe sphérique en rotation est contestée par les croyants en une Terre plate.

Les croyances modernes en une Terre plate sont partagées par des organisations et des individus affirmant que la Terre est plate en dépit de deux millénaires de consensus scoientifique[3]. Les croyances en une Terre plate forment une pseudoscience ; leurs avocats sont considérés par les experts comme des dénialistes[4],[5].

Ces groupes sont apparus au milieu du xxe siècle ; tous leurs adhérents ne sont pas sérieux. Ceux qui le sont sont souvent influencés par des idées religieuses[6] ou conspirationnistes[7]. Les réseaux sociaux ont permis une diffusion croissante de ces théories, amenant leur promotion par des individus non affilés à ces organisations[8],[9].

Contexte historique[modifier | modifier le code]

Article connexe : Fondamentalisme chrétien.
Carte de la Terre plate par Samuel Rowbotham.

La croyance moderne en une Terre plate a pour origine les ouvrages de Samuel Rowbotham. Sur la base de conclusions tirées de l'expérience du niveau de la Bedford River (en), Rowbotham a publié un pamphlet intitulé Zetetic Astronomy, qu'il a développé dans son livre Earth Not a Globe, dans lequel il propose que la Terre soit un disque plat centré au pôle Nord et délimité le long de son bord sud par un mur de glace, l'Antarctique. Rowbotham soutenait en outre que le Soleil et la Lune se trouvaient à 3 000 miles (4800 km) au-dessus de la Terre et que le « cosmos » se trouvait à 3 100 milles (5000 km) au-dessus de la Terre[2]. Il a également publié un dépliant intitulé The Inconsistency of Modern Astronomy and its Opposition to the Scriptures (« l'incohérence de l'astronomie moderne et son opposition aux Écritures »), dans lequel il affirme que « la Bible, ainsi que nos sens, confirment l'idée que la Terre est plate et immobile et cette vérité essentielle ne doit pas être mise de côté au profit d'un système fondé uniquement sur des conjectures humaines »[10].

Rowbotham et ses disciples, comme William Carpenter (en) attirèrent l'attention en utilisant avec succès la pseudoscience dans des débats publics avec des scientifiques de premier plan comme Alfred Russel Wallace.[11],[12],[13]. Rowbotham créa une Société Zététique (Zetetic Society) en Angleterre et à New York, y envoyant plus de mille copies de Zetetic Astronomy[14].

Après la mort de Rowbothamh, Lady Elizabeth Blount établit une Société Zététique Universelle (Universal Zetetic Society), dont l'objectif était « la propagation des connaissances relatives à la cosmogonie naturelle en confirmation des Saintes Écritures, sur la base de recherches scientifiques et expérimentales. »[15]. La Société publiait un magazine, The Earth Not a Globe Review, et resta active jusqu'au début du xxe siècle[16]. Un journal promouvant ces théories, Earth: a Monthly Magazine of Sense and Science, était publié entre 1901 et 1904, édité par Lady Blount[17].

Flat Earth Society[modifier | modifier le code]

Article détaillé : Flat Earth Society.


In 1956, Samuel Shenton created the International Flat Earth Research Society as a successor to the Universal Zetetic Society, running it as "organising secretary" from his home in Douvres, England.[16][18] Given Shenton's interest in alternative science and technology, the emphasis on religious arguments was less than in the predecessor society.[19] When satellite images showed Earth as a sphere, Shenton remarked: "It's easy to see how a photograph like that could fool the untrained eye".[20] Later asked about similar photographs taken by astronauts, he attributed curvature to the use of wide-angle lens, adding, "It's a deception of the public and it isn't right".[18]

In 1969, Shenton persuaded Ellis Hillman, a Polytechnic of East London lecturer, to become president of the Flat Earth Society; but there is little evidence of any activity on his part until after Shenton's death, when he added most of Shenton's library to the archives of the Science Fiction Foundation he helped to establish.[21]

Modèle:Quote box

Shenton died in 1971. Charles K. Johnson inherited part of Shenton's library from Shenton's wife, and established and became president of the International Flat Earth Research Society of America and Covenant People's Church in California. Over the next three decades, under his leadership, the Flat Earth Society grew to a reported 3,500 members.[22]

Johnson issued many publications and handled all membership applications. The most famous publication was Flat Earth News, a quarterly, four-page tabloid.[1] Johnson paid for these publications through annual member dues costing US$6 to US$10 over the course of his leadership.[1] Johnson cited the Bible for his beliefs, and he saw scientists as pulling a hoax which would replace religion with science.[22]

The Flat Earth Society's most recent planet model is that humanity lives on a disc, with the North Pole at its centre and a 150 pieds (Erreur d’expression : mot « high » non reconnu. m) wall of ice, Antarctica, at the outer edge.[23] The resulting map resembles the symbol of the United Nations, which Johnson used as evidence for his position.[24] In this model, the Sun and Moon are each 32 milles ( Unité «  » inconnue du modèle {{Conversion}}.) in diameter.[25]

Flat Earth Society recruited members by speaking against the US government and all its agencies, particularly NASA. Much of the society's literature in its early days focused on interpreting the Bible to mean that the Earth is flat, although they did try to offer scientific explanations and evidence.[1]

Critiques[modifier | modifier le code]

Logo de la Flat Earth Society en 2013.

Eugenie Scott considère le groupe comme « un exemple de théologie littéraliste biblique extrême, affirmant que la Terre est plate puisque la Bible dit qu'elle est plate, quoi que la science puisse dire. »[26],[27]

According to Charles K. Johnson, the membership of the group rose to 3,500 under his leadership but began to decline after a fire at his house in 1997 which destroyed all of the records and contacts of the society's members. Johnson's wife, who helped manage the membership database, died shortly thereafter. Johnson himself died on 19 March 2001.[28]

Réapparition[modifier | modifier le code]

In 2004, Daniel Shenton (sans relation de parenté avec Samuel)[29] ressuscita le groupe à partir d'un forum sur Internet[30]. Cela amena finalement à la recréation officielle de la Flat Earth Society en octobre 2009[31], et à la création d'un nouveau site Web, présentant une collection de documents sur la Terre plate, ainsi qu'un wiki[32]. De plus, la société commença à accepter de nouveaux membres (pour la première fois depuis 2001), le musicien Thomas Dolby étant le premier de ces nouveaux convertis[33] ; en 2015, plus de 500 personnes étaient devenus membres (toutefois, les inscriptions semblent s'être arrêtées depuis cette date)[34].

Une scission de la société en 2013 a amené à la formation d'un autre site internet, proposant lui aussi un forum et un wiki[35].

Au Canada[modifier | modifier le code]

Flat Earth Society of Canada was established on 8 November 1970 by philosopher Leo Ferrari, writer Raymond Fraser and poet Alden Nowlan;[36] and was active until 1984.[37] Its archives are held at the University of New Brunswick.[38]

Calling themselves "planoterrestrialists",[39] their aims were quite different from other flat Earth societies. They claimed a prevailing problem of the new technological age was the willingness of people to accept theories "on blind faith and to reject the evidence of their own senses."[37] The parodic intention of the Society appeared in the writings of Ferrari, as he attributed everything from gender to racial inequality on the globularist and the spherical Earth model.[40] Ferrari even claimed to have nearly fallen off "the Edge" of the Earth at Brimstone Head on Fogo Island.[41]

Ferrari was interviewed as an "expert" in the 1990 flat Earth mockumentary In Search of the Edge by Pancake Productions (a reference to the expression "as flat as a pancake").[42] In the accompanying study guide, Ferrari is outed as a "globularist," a nonce word for someone who believes the Earth is spherical.[43] The real intent of the film, which was part-funded by the Ontario Arts Council and National Film Board of Canada,[42] was to promote schoolchildren's critical thinking and media literacy by "[attempting] to prove in convincing fashion, something everyone knew to be false."[44]

Réapparition[modifier | modifier le code]

Kay Burns (en), une artiste multi-média, a recréé la Flat Earth Society du Canada comme projet artistique, avec son alter ego Iris Taylor comme présidente[38],[45]. Burns created an installation entitled the Museum of the Flat Earth, which included some artefacts from the 1970 group. It was exhibited in 2016 at the Flat Earth Outpost Café in Shoal Bay, Newfoundland.[38]

En Italie[modifier | modifier le code]

In Italy there are no centralised societies on flat Earth. However, since the 2010s, small groups of conspiracy theorists, who carry out meetings, started to emerge and to spread flat Earth theories. Among these are Calogero Greco, Albino Galuppini and Agostino Favari, who organised in 2018–2019 several meetings in Palermo, Sicily, with an entry price of €20.[46][47]

Among their claims, some include:

In addition to these, it is their common belief that the United States has a plan to create in Europe a new America open to everyone, where the only value is consumerism and that George Soros commands a satanic globalist conspiracy.[46][47] They reject the past existence of dinosaurs, the Darwinian theory of evolution, and the authority of the scientific community, claiming scientists are Freemasons.[48]

Former leader of the Five Star Movement political party, Beppe Grillo, showed interest in the group, admitting to admiring their free speech spirit and to wanting to participate at the May 2019 conference.[49] In the end, however, Grillo did not appear.[47]

Réapparition à l'ère d'Internet[modifier | modifier le code]

À l'ère d'Internet, la disponibilité d'outils technologiques et de réseaux sociaux tels que YouTube, Facebook[50] et Twitter permet facilement à des indvidus, célèbres ou non[51], de répandre des fausses nouvelles et des idées erronées. L'idée de la Terre plate est un des sujets qui se sont épanouis dans cet environnement[8],[9],[52].

Les platistes modernes embrassent généralement une certaine forme de théorie du complot, dans la nécessité où ils sont d'expliquer pourquoi des institutions majeures telles que les gouvernements, les médias, les écoles, les scientifiques et les compagnies aériennes affirment toutes que le monde est une sphère. Ils ont tendance à ne pas faire confiance aux observations qu'ils n'ont pas faites eux-mêmes, et sont souvent méfiants ou en désaccord les uns avec les autres[53]. Ils peuvent aussi être moins enclins aux interprétations inerrantistes de la Bible, et certains critiques de l'idée de la Terre plate, comme l'astronome Danny R. Faulkner, qui sont des créationnistes jeune-terre, tentent de justifier les passages de la Bible qui pourraient renforcer cette idée[54].

Les conférenciers de la Flat Earth UK Convention de 2018, bien que presque tous d'accord pour affirmer que la Terre était un disque plat et que l'espace extérieur . While most agree upon a disc-shaped Earth, some are convinced the Earth is diamond-shaped. Furthermore, while most believers do not believe in outer space and none believe humans have ever travelled there, they vary widely in their views of the universe.[55]

The solar eclipse of 21 August 2017 gave rise to numerous YouTube videos purporting to show how the details of the eclipse prove the Earth is flat.[56][57] Also in 2017, "the Tunisian and Arab scientific and educational world" had a scandal when a PhD student submitted a thesis "declaring Earth to be flat, unmoving, young (only 13,500 years of age), and the centre of the universe".[58]

On 3 May 2018, Steven Novella analysed the modern belief in a flat Earth, and concluded that, despite what most people think about the subject, the believers are being sincere in their belief that the Earth is flat, and are not "just saying that to wind us up". He stated that:

« {{{1}}} »

The British sceptical activist Michael Marshall attended the UK's annual Flat Earth UK Convention on 27–29 April 2018 and noted disagreement on several views of the believers in a flat Earth. To Marshall, one of the most telling moments at the convention was the "Flat Earth Addiction" test that was based on a checklist used to determine whether someone is in a cult, without the convention attendees realising the possibility of themselves being in a cult.[55]

Organisations sceptical of fringe beliefs have occasionally performed tests to demonstrate the local curvature of the Earth. One of these, conducted by members of the Independent Investigations Group, at the Salton Sea on 10 June 2018 was attended also by supporters of a flat Earth, and the encounter between the two groups was recorded by the National Geographic Explorer. This experiment successfully demonstrated the curvature of the Earth via the disappearance over distance of boat-based and shore-based targets.[59][60]

In 2018, the documentary Behind the Curve was released, which follows prominent modern flat-Earthers Mark Sargent and Patricia Steere, as well as astrophysicists and psychologists who attempt to explain the growing fad.[61]

In March 2019, social media personality Logan Paul released a satirical documentary film about the flat Earth called FLAT EARTH: To The Edge And Back.[62][63][64]

The Flat Earth Society has a Twitter account, @FlatEarthOrg. This account shares information about their group and promotes flat earth ideologies.[65]

Mike Hughes[modifier | modifier le code]

Erreur : La version française équivalente de {{Main}} est {{Article détaillé}}. Mike Hughes, a daredevil and flat-Earth conspiracy theorist, used a homebuilt manned-rocket in an attempt to see for himself if the Earth is flat on 24 March 2018.[66] His rocket made of scrap metal was estimated to cost $20,000, and using a mobile home as a custom launchpad managed to climb 1 875 pieds ( Unité «  » inconnue du modèle {{Conversion}}.) with Hughes inside and ended with a hard landing but with parachutes successfully deploying. The amateur rocketeer was not seriously injured and remained firm in his flat Earth beliefs. He claimed that real evidence will come with "larger rockets".[67] Hughes was killed in an accident on 22 February 2020 while piloting a flight of his steam-powered rocket in a further attempt to prove the Earth was flat. The accident was caused by an early deployment and separation of the return parachute on the vehicle. The rocket impacted after falling from an altitude of several hundred feet. Hughes was killed instantly.[68]

After Hughes' death, his public relations representative Darren Shuster stated that Hughes "didn't believe in flat Earth" and that it was "a PR stunt" to get publicity,[69][70] while Michael Linn, who worked on the documentary Rocketman: Mad Mike's Mission to Prove the Flat-Earth said that Hughes' belief appeared genuine.[71]

Dans la culture populaire[modifier | modifier le code]

Modèle:In popular culture The flat Earth, or the Flat Earth model, is often used and characterized in a satirical or humorous sense, which is generally popularized by Internet memes on social media platforms. One image, which appeared in May 2017 according to TinEye[72] which could possibly be a photoshop, displays a Facebook post by the Flat Earth Society stating the phrase "The Flat Earth Society has members all around the globe" with another user replying, "Say that again, but slowly" after some time the image went viral.

The Flat Earth model is also used in fictional writing, along with books, video games and music.

Such as:

  • The fictional character Evan Michael Tanner, an international adventurer created by American novelist Lawrence Block in the 1960s, is a member of the Flat Earth Society.[73] Tanner is described as not taking the Flat Earth belief seriously, but rather belongs to the group to represent his suspicion of authority and devotion to fighting for lost causes.
  • Richard A. Lupoff's novel Circumpolar! (1984) describes a flat Earth, with a hole at the centre instead of a North Pole, and the underside contains fictional lands such as Atlantis and Lemuria.[74]
  • California-based punk rock band Bad Religion include a song titled "Flat Earth Society", by Brett Gurewitz, on their album Against the Grain (1990). A prominent feature of the song is the refrain "lie, lie, lie," indicating a strong denunciation of the society and its theories.[75]
  • In 1984, English musician Thomas Dolby released an album called The Flat Earth. This became the name for his fan club and subsequent website forums. Daniel Shenton credited this album as his introduction to the theory, and offered the first membership of the reopened Society. Dolby, while not a believer, accepted.[33]
  • Terry Pratchett's commercially successful series of Discworld novels take place on a flat Earth balanced on the backs of four elephants standing on a giant turtle swimming through space.[76] The thirteenth book in the series, Small Gods, features the "Quisition", a powerful censorial body within the Omnian church, whose members propagate the religious dogma that the world is in fact spherical, and persecute those who dare to say truly that "the Turtle moves", in allusion both to the historical controversy on heliocentrism and to the ahistorical belief that the notion of spherical Earth was condemned as heretical by the Church in the Middle Ages.
  • In 2013, while discussing the importance of acting on climate change, President Barack Obama said there was no time for "a meeting of the Flat-Earth Society" in reference to climate change deniers.[77]
  • Rapper B.o.B composed a song titled "Flatline", in which he claims the Earth is flat and promotes other conspiracy theories.[78] He was offered, and accepted, membership in the Flat Earth Society.[79][80] In 2016, he posted a photo of himself on Twitter at a highly elevated location. He captioned the photo "The cities in the background are approximately 16 miles apart… where is the curve? Please explain this." He later added that "A lot of people are turned off by the phrase ‘flat earth’ ... but there’s no way u can see all the evidence and not know... grow up".[81] Since these comments, he has additionally started a GoFundMe page to raise $1 million to launch a satellite into space to prove that the Earth is flat. (Valenzuela, 2019)[82] but the page has been taken down.
  • On Saturday, 17 February 2017 NBA point guard Kyrie Irving was interviewed on his previous comments in a podcast with fellow NBA players Channing Frye and Richard Jefferson regarding the Earth's curvature. In the podcast, he made claims about the ambiguity of the evidence that the Earth being round and his words garnered massive attention and sparked discussion on social media. [83]
  • Shaquille O'Neal claimed that the Earth is flat during his podcast called The Big Podcast with Shaq. The podcast episode was titled "Shaquille O'Neal and Kevin Garnett Talk NBA and Area 21, Plus Shaq Sounds Off on the Boogie Cousins Trade and Wrestlemania". He said that he drove from Florida to California and it was flat to him.[84]
  • SpaceX ISS docking simulator has an option to display Earth flat.[85][86]
  • In late 2020 a group called "The Truthtellers" released a game titled Flat Earth Simulator on Steam.[87]

Voir aussi[modifier | modifier le code]

Modèle:Portal

Notes et références[modifier | modifier le code]

Notes[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ a b c et d Robert J. Schadwald, « The Flat-out Truth:Earth Orbits? Moon Landings? A Fraud! Says This Prophet », Science Digest,‎ (lire en ligne)
  2. ↑ a et b (en) Theodore Schick et Lewis Vaughn, How to think about weird things: critical thinking for a new age, Houghton Mifflin, , 197 p. (ISBN 978-1-55934-254-4)
  3. ↑ (en-US) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration US Department of Commerce, « Is the Earth round? », sur oceanservice.noaa.gov
  4. ↑ Rachel Brazil, « Fighting flat-Earth theory », sur Physics World, (consulté le )
  5. ↑ Lee McIntyre, « Flat Earthers, and the Rise of Science Denial in America », sur Newsweek, (consulté le ) : « You don't convince someone who has already rejected thousands of years of scientific evidence by showing them more evidence. »
  6. ↑ (en) Hoang Nguyen, « Most flat earthers consider themselves very religious », sur today.yougov.com, YouGov PLC, (consulté le ) : « more than half of Flat earthers (52%) consider themselves "very religious," »
  7. ↑ Natalie Wolchover, « Are Flat-Earthers Being Serious? », LiveScience, (consulté le )
  8. ↑ a et b Graham Ambrose, « These Coloradans say Earth is flat. And gravity's a hoax. Now, they're being persecuted. », The Denver Post, (consulté le )
  9. ↑ a et b (en) Beau Dure, « Flat-Earthers are back: 'It's almost like the beginning of a new religion' », The Guardian,‎ (lire en ligne)
  10. ↑ Garwood 2007, p. 46
  11. ↑ Nature 7 avril 1870.
  12. ↑ « The Form of the Earth—A Shock of Opinions », The New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne, consulté le )
  13. ↑ Hampden, John (1870): The Bedford Canal swindle detected & exposed. A. Bull, London.
  14. ↑ Garwood 2007, p. 133
  15. ↑ The propagation of knowledge related to Natural Cosmogony in confirmation of the Holy Scriptures, based on practical scientific investigation
  16. ↑ a et b (en) Patrick Moore, Can You Speak Venusian?, (ISBN 0-352-39776-4), « Better and Flatter Earths »
  17. ↑ Garwood 2007, p. 155–159
  18. ↑ a et b (en) Eddy Gilmore, « So now we know: The Earth is not only flat—it's motionless, too », The Cincinnati Enquirer,‎ , p. 26–I (lire en ligne) Modèle:Free access Readable clippings in four parts: 1 • 2 • 3 • 4
  19. ↑ Garwood 2007, p. 220–225
  20. ↑ RJ Schadewald, « Six "flood" arguments creationists can't answer », National Center for Science Education (consulté le )
  21. ↑ Garwood 2007, p. 320
  22. ↑ a et b (en) Douglas Martin, « Charles Johnson, 76, Proponent of Flat Earth », The New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  23. ↑ Wilbur Glenn Voliva, « Is the Earth a Whirling Globe? », Flat Earth News, Lancaster, CA, International Flat Earth Research Society, , p. 2
  24. ↑ Charles K. Johnson, « Flat Earth News: News of the World's Children », Lancaster, California, International Flat Earth Research Society, , p. 2
  25. ↑ (en) Charles K. Johnson, « Sun is a light 32 miles across », Flat Earth News, Lancaster, California, International Flat Earth Research Society,‎ , p. 1 (lire en ligne)
  26. ↑ "extreme Biblical-literalist theology: The earth is flat because the Bible says it is flat, regardless of what science tells us".
  27. ↑ Eugenie Scott, « Antievolution and Creationism in the United States », Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 26,‎ , p. 263–289 (DOI 10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.263, lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
  28. ↑ John R. Cole, « Flat Earth Society President Dies », National Center for Science Education, (consulté le )
  29. ↑ (en) « Miedo a un planeta esférico », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant,‎ (lire en ligne)
  30. ↑ « The Flat Earth Society forum » (consulté le )
  31. ↑ « Relaunch of the Flat Earth Society (press release) »
  32. ↑ « The Flat Earth Society Homepage » [archive du ] (consulté le )
  33. ↑ a et b Adam, David, « The Earth is flat? What planet is he on? », The Guardian,
  34. ↑ « The Flat Earth Society – Membership Register », sur theflatearthsociety.org
  35. ↑ « The Flat Earth Society » (consulté le )
  36. ↑ « Leo Charles Ferrari », dans New Brunswick Literary Encyclopedia, St. Thomas University (lire en ligne [archive du ]) (archive du 2 February 2014) (consulté le )
  37. ↑ a et b « Series No. 2 The Flat Earth Society of Canada », Leo C. Ferrari Fonds, UNB Archives and Special Collections (consulté le )
  38. ↑ a b et c (en) Lindsay Bird, « Museum of the Flat Earth opens on (where else?) Fogo Island », Canadian Broadcasting Corporation,‎ (lire en ligne)
  39. ↑ « Dr. Ferrari and the Flat Earth Society by Alden Nowlan », (consulté le )
  40. ↑ Leo Charles Ferrari, « Feminism and education in a Flat Earth perspective », McGill Journal of Education, vol. X, no 1,‎ , p. 77–81 (lire en ligne)
  41. ↑ (en) John R Colombo, Canadian Literary Landmarks, Dundurn, (ISBN 978-0888820730), p. 19
  42. ↑ a et b In search of the edge : an inquiry into the shape of the earth and the disappearance of Andrea Barns [DVD], Barrie, Scott (Director); Marsh, Robert (Narrator) () Toronto, Ontario : Pancake Productions. (OCLC 81094526)
  43. ↑ Barrie, Scott (Director); Marsh, Robert (Narrator) (2005). In search of the edge : an inquiry into the shape of the earth and the disappearance of Andrea Barns (DVD). Toronto, Ontario: Pancake Productions. (ISBN 9781594582295). OCLC 810945
  44. ↑ « In Search of the Edge An Inquiry into the Shape of the Earth and the Disappearance of Andrea Barns », sur Bullfrog Films (consulté le )
  45. ↑ « Flat Earth Society », sur Iris Taylor Research
  46. ↑ a b c et d (it) « Terrapiattisti a Palermo: "Lo sbarco sulla luna è una invenzione" (Flat Earth in Palermo: "Moon landing is fiction") », sur Adnkronos, (consulté le )
  47. ↑ a b c d e et f (it) « Terrapiattisti a Palermo, ma Beppe Grillo non c'è. "La Nasa? È come Disneyland" (Flat Earth in Palermo, but Beppe Grillo is not there. "NASA? It's like Disneyland") », sur Il Messaggero, (consulté le )
  48. ↑ (it) Il terrapiattismo italiano in 10 punti (Italian flat Earth in 10 points), (lire en ligne)
  49. ↑ (it) « BEPPE GRILLO: "VADO AL CONGRESSO DEI TERRAPIATTISTI" », sur digitale.it, (consulté le )
  50. ↑ Erica Abbott, « Mark Zuckerberg Banning All Flat Earth Groups from Facebook Is A Hoax » [archive du ], sur Business2community.com, Business2community (consulté le )
  51. ↑ Alex Heigl, « The Short List of Famous People Who Think the Earth Is Flat (Yes, Really) », People (consulté le )
  52. ↑ Carla Herreria, « Neil deGrasse Tyson Cites Celebrity Flat-Earthers To Make A Point About Politics », HuffPost, (consulté le )
  53. ↑ Courtney Humphries, « Que faut-il pour croire que le monde est plat ? »,
  54. ↑ Glenn Branch, Flat-Earthery Will Get You Nowhere, Amherst, New York, Center for Inquiry, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
  55. ↑ a et b (en) Michael Marshall, « The universe is an egg and the moon isn't real: notes from a Flat Earth conference », The Guardian,‎ (lire en ligne)
  56. ↑ Sean Martin, « 'The sun hologram needs updating' This is how flat earthers explain the solar eclipse », Daily Express, (consulté le )
  57. ↑ Brian Hickey, « What do flat Earthers think about Monday's solar eclipse? », sur Phillyvoice.com, Philly Voice, (consulté le )
  58. ↑ Nidhal Guessoum, « PhD thesis: The earth is flat », Gulf News (consulté le )
  59. ↑ James Underdown, « Commentary: The Salton Sea Flat Earth Test: When Skeptics Meet Deniers », Skeptical Inquirer, vol. 42, no 6,‎ , p. 14–15
  60. ↑ Jim Underdown, « The Salton Sea Flat Earth Test: When Skeptics Meet Deniers » [archive du ], sur CSICOP.org, CFI, (consulté le )
  61. ↑ (en-US) John Timmer, « Behind the Curve a fascinating study of reality-challenged beliefs », sur Ars Technica, (consulté le )
  62. ↑ « {{{1}}} »
  63. ↑ Julia Alexander, « Logan Paul's satirical flat Earth doc gets to the heart of YouTube's recommendation issue », sur The Verge, (consulté le )
  64. ↑ (en) Morgan Sung, « Good news everyone, Logan Paul doesn't actually think the Earth is flat », sur Mashable, (consulté le )
  65. ↑ account, F. E. S. V. (15 March 2020). Flat Earth Society (@FlatEarthOrg). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/FlatEarthOrg
  66. ↑ (en) « Flat-earther blasts off in homemade rocket in bid to reassure himself world is shaped 'like a Frisbee' », sur The Independent, (consulté le )
  67. ↑ (en) Trevor Nace, « Flat Earth Rocket Man Finally Blasts Off In Homemade Rocket To Prove Earth Is Flat », sur Forbes (consulté le )
  68. ↑ (en-GB) AFP, « Infamous Daredevil 'Mad' Mike Hughes Has Died in Homemade Rocket Crash in California », sur ScienceAlert (consulté le )
  69. ↑ (en-US) Otillia Steadman, « A Daredevil Flat Earther Died After Attempting To Launch Himself 5,000 Feet With A Homemade Rocket », BuzzFeed News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  70. ↑ (en-US) Aimee Ortiz, « Mike Hughes, 64, D.I.Y. Daredevil, Is Killed in Rocket Crash », The New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  71. ↑ (en-US) Alex Wigglesworth, « Death of rocket man 'Mad Mike' Hughes ends years of close calls », Los Angeles Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  72. ↑ « TinEye Reverse Image Search », sur tineye.com (consulté le )
  73. ↑ Lawrence Block (1998). Tanner on Ice, Boston: Dutton, (ISBN 0525944214)
  74. ↑ « Circumpolar! (Twin Planets, book 1) by Richard A Lupoff », Fantasticfiction.co.uk (consulté le )
  75. ↑ « Bad Religion – Flat Earth Society »
  76. ↑ (en) Ian Stewart, « The Science Behind Discworld's Flat Earth on the Back of a Turtle », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant,‎ (lire en ligne)
  77. ↑ Michael O'Brien, « Obama: No time for 'flat-earth society' on climate change », NBC News, (consulté le )
  78. ↑ (en) By Lauren Said-Moorhouse, « Rapper B.o.B thinks the Earth is flat, has photographs to prove it », sur CNN, (consulté le )
  79. ↑ Tiannon Manon, « Flat Earthers: Dumb, Crazy or Just Free Thinkers? », Open Mic, (consulté le )
  80. ↑ The Flat Earth Society, « The Flat Earth Society Welcomes B.o.B. », sur The Flat Earth Society, The Flat Earth Society (consulté le )
  81. ↑ Ellen Brait, « 'I didn't wanna believe it either': Rapper BoB insists the Earth is flat » [archive du ], sur The Guardian, (consulté le )
  82. ↑ (en) B.o.B. Starts GoFundMe Camapign to Prove the Earth Is Flat (lire en ligne)
  83. ↑ (en) « Kyrie Irving reveals he believes the Earth is flat, believes in other conspiracy theories », sur www.nbcsports.com, (consulté le )
  84. ↑ O'Neal, Shaquille, et al. (February 2017). "Shaquille O'Neal and Kevin Garnett Talk NBA and Area 21, Plus Shaq Sounds Off On The Boogie Cousins Trade And Wrestlemania". Podcastone, Nox Solutions.
  85. ↑ https://iss-sim.spacex.com/
  86. ↑ « This Playable SpaceX Docking Simulator is Used to Train Real Astronauts »,
  87. ↑ « There's a Flat Earth Simulator on Steam and it's not a joke »,

Références[modifier | modifier le code]

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé « Modern flat Earth beliefs » (voir la liste des auteurs).
  • (en) Christine Garwood, Flat Earth: the History of an infamous idea, Macmillan,
  • (en) Graham Ambrose, « These Coloradans say Earth is flat. And gravity's a hoax. Now they're being persecuted », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant,‎ (lire en ligne)
  • Valenzuela , S. (19 April 2019). History's most famous Flat Earth believers: Athletes, celebrities, and ancient Greeks. Retrieved 3 March 2020, from

Bibliographie[modifier | modifier le code]

  • Raymond Fraser (2007). When The Earth Was Flat: Remembering Leonard Cohen, Alden Nowlan, the Flat Earth Society, the King James monarchy hoax, the Montreal Story Tellers and other curious matters. Black Moss Press, (ISBN 978-0-88753-439-3)
  • Christine Garwood (2007) Flat Earth: The History of an Infamous Idea, Pan Books, (ISBN 1-4050-4702-X)

Liens externes[modifier | modifier le code]

Modèle:Conspiracy theories Modèle:Pseudoscience

Ce document provient de « https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utilisateur:Dfeldmann/brouillon3&oldid=205129456 ».