Utilisateur:Jezekel/brouillons

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Mechanical sciences[modifier | modifier le code]

Automata[modifier | modifier le code]

Tea-serving au­to­mat, kara­kuri, with its mech­a­nism, 19th cen­tury.

Karakuri are mechanized puppets or automata from Japan from the 18th century to 19th century. The word means “device” and carries the connotations of both mechanical devices as well as deceptive ones. Japan adapted and transformed the Western automata, which at the time were fascinating the likes of Descartes, giving him the incentive for his mechanist theories of organisms, and Frederick the Great, who loved playing with automatons and miniature wargames.

Many were developed, mostly for entertainment purposes, ranging from tea-serving to arrow-shooting mechanisms. These ingenious mechanical toys were to become prototypes for the engines of the industrial revolution. They were powered by spring mechanisms similar to those of clocks.

Clocks[modifier | modifier le code]

An 18th cen­tury wa­do­kei (Jap­an­ese clock).

Mechanical clocks were introduced into Japan by Jesuit missionaries or Dutch merchants in the sixteenth century. These clocks were of the lantern clock design, typically made of brass or iron, and used the relatively primitive verge and foliot escapement. These led to the development of an original Japanese clocks, called Wadokei.

Neither the pendulum nor the balance spring were in use among European clocks of the period, and as such they were not included among the technologies available to the Japanese clockmakers at the start of the isolationist period in Japanese history, which began in 1641. Later Japanese clock makers introduced more sophisticated clock technology through the Dutch, leading to spectacular developments such as the Universal Myriad year clock designed in 1850 by Hisashige Tanaka, the founder of what would become the Toshiba corporation.

Horloges[modifier | modifier le code]

Une horloge japonaise wadokei du XVIIIe siècle.

Les horloges mécaniques furent introduites au Japon par des missionnaires jésuites ou des marchands néerlandais au XVIe siècle. Celles-ci étaient des horloges-lanternes, typiquement fabriquées en fer ou en laiton, et fonctionnant à l'aide de l'échappement, relativement primitif, à verge et à foliot. Ceci conduisit au développement d'une horlogerie japonaise originale, appelée Wadokei.

Ni le pendule ni le ressort de balancier n'étaient utilisés pour la conception des horloges européennes à cette époque, aussi n'intégrèrent-ils pas les technologies connues des horlogers japonais au début de la période isolationniste qui débuta en 1641. Plus tard, ils introduisirent dans leurs horloges une technologie plus sophistiquée par le biais des Hollandais, qui entraîna des créations spectaculaires telle que "l'horloge universelle aux innombrables années", conçue en 1850 par Hisashige Tanaka, fondateur de ce qui deviendra ensuite la société Toshiba.

Pumps[modifier | modifier le code]

Vacuum pump drawing by Uda­gawa, 1834.
Description of per­pet­ual lamps (無尽灯) using compressed air fuelling mech­a­nisms.
Air gun de­vel­oped by Kuni­tomo, circa 1820–1830.

Air pump mechanisms became popular in Europe from around 1660 following the experiments of Boyle. In Japan, the first description of a vacuum pump appear in Aoji Rinsō’s 1825 Atmospheric Observations (気海観瀾, Kikai Kanran?), and slightly later both pressure pumps and void pumps appear in Udagawa Shinsai’s 1834 Appendix of Far-Western Medical and Notable Things and Thoughts (遠西医方名物考補遺, Ensei Ihō Meibutsu Kō Hoi?). These mechanisms were used to demonstrate the necessity of air for animal life and combustion, typically by putting a lamp or a small pump in a vacuum, and were also used to make calculations of pressure and air density.

Many practical applications were found as well, such as in the manufacture of air guns by Kunitomo Ikkansai, after he repaired and analyzed the mechanism of some Dutch air guns which had been offered to the Shogun in Edo. A rather vast industry of perpetual oil lamps (無尽灯, Mujin Hi?) also developed, also derived by Kunitomo from the mechanism of air guns, in which oil was continuously supplied through a compressed air mechanism.[1] Kunitomo also developed agricultural applications of these technologies, such as a giant pump powered by an ox, to lift irrigation water.

  • Kuni­to­mo’s “As­pi­ra­tion pump driven by an ox” (1810 ad­ver­tise­ment).
    Kuni­to­mo’s “As­pi­ra­tion pump driven by an ox” (1810 ad­ver­tise­ment).
  • Air gun trigger mech­anism.
    Air gun trigger mech­anism.

Aerial knowledge and experiments[modifier | modifier le code]

Drawing of a Western hot air balloon, from the 1787 Sayings of the Dutch.
First de­monstra­tion of a hot air balloon in Ume­ga­saki, Japan, in 1805 by Johann Caspar Horner.

The first flight of a hot air balloon by the brothers Montgolfier in France in 1783, was reported less than four years later by the Dutch in Dejima, and published in the 1787 Sayings of the Dutch.

In 1805, almost twenty years later, the Swiss Johann Caspar Horner and the Prussian Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, two scientists of the Kruzenshtern mission that also brought the Russian ambassador Nikolai Rezanov to Japan, made a hot air balloon out of Japanese paper (washi), and made a demonstration of the new technology in front of about 30 Japanese delegates[2].

Hot air balloons would mainly remain curiosities, becoming the object of numerous experiments and popular depictions, until the development of military usages during the early Meiji era.

Steam engines[modifier | modifier le code]

Drawing from the Jap­an­ese book Odd De­vi­ces of the Far West, com­ple­ted in 1845 but published in 1854.
A steamship described in Odd De­vi­ces of the Far West.
Japan’s first steam engine, ma­nu­fac­tured in 1853 by Hi­sa­shige Ta­naka.

Knowledge of the steam engine started to spread in Japan during the first half of the 19th century, although the first recorded attempts at manufacturing one date to the efforts of Hisashige Tanaka in 1853, following the demonstration of a steam engine by the Russian embassy of Yevfimy Putyatin after his arrival in Nagasaki on August 12, 1853.

The Rangaku scholar Kawamoto Kōmin completed a book named Odd Devices of the Far West (遠西奇器述, Ensei Kiki-Jutsu?) in 1845, which was finally published in 1854 as the need to spread Western knowledge became even more obvious with Commodore Perry’s opening of Japan and the subsequent increased contact with industrial Western nations. The book contains detailed descriptions of steam engines and steamships. Kawamoto had apparently postponed the book’s publication due to the Bakufu’s prohibition against the building of large ships.

Automates (karakuri)[modifier | modifier le code]

Karakuri servant le thé et son mécanisme (XIXe siècle).

Les karakuri désignent les marionnettes mécanisées ou automates japonais des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles ; le terme signifie "gadget" et comporte à la fois les connotations d'appareil mécanique et d'appareil trompeur par son apparence. Le Japon modifia et adapta les automates occidentaux, qui à l'époque fascinaient des personnalités telles que René Descartes qui y trouva la motivation de ses théories mécanistes sur les organismes, ou Frédéric le Grand qui adorait jouer avec des automates et à des jeux de guerre miniatures.

De nombreux karakuri furent conçus, principalement dans une optique de loisir, imitant des scènes allant de la cérémonie du thé à la pratique du kyudo. Ces ingénieux jouets mécaniques allaient devenir les prototypes des machines de la révolution industrielle. Ils étaient animés par des mécanismes de ressorts semblables à ceux des horloges.

Grbavica[modifier | modifier le code]

Grbavica is a film by Jasmila Žbanić about the life of a single mother in contemporary Sarajevo in the aftermath of systematic rapes of Bosniak women by Serbian troops during the war. It was released in the United Kingdom as Esma's Secret: Grbavica, and in USA as Grbavica: Land of My Dreams.

The film shows, through the eyes of the main character Esma, her teenage daughter Sara, and others, how everyday life is still being shaped by the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. The title refers to a neighbourhood of Sarajevo Esma lives in. The film was an international co-production between companies from Bosnia, Austria, Croatia and Germany; it received funding from the German television companies ZDF and Arte. Grbavica received an enthusiastic response from critics, earning a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a website that aggregates professional critiques.

It won the Golden Bear at the 2006 Berlin Film Festival and it was Bosnia & Herzegovina's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 79th Academy Awards.

Sarajevo, mon amour (Grbavica) (traduction)[modifier | modifier le code]

Jasmila Žbanić[modifier | modifier le code]

Jasmila Žbanić (born December 19, 1974 in Sarajevo) is a film director from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a graduate of Academy of Fine Arts in Sarajevo, department for theater and film directing. She also worked as a puppeteer in the Vermont-based "Bread and Puppet" Theater and as a clown in a Lee De Long workshop. She is noted for the 2006 Golden Bear winning film Grbavica. In 1997 she has founded an artist's association "DEBLOKADA". Žbanić has a young daughter named Zoe.

According to Žbanić, her first name is a deliberate corruption of the name Jasmina.

Jasmila Žbanić (traduction)[modifier | modifier le code]

Thorigné-Fouillard[modifier | modifier le code]

Thorigné-Fouillard (Torigneg-Fouilharz en breton et Toreinyaé-Folhard en gallo) est une commune française située dans le département d'Ille-et-Vilaine et la région Bretagne. Ses habitants sont appelés Thoréfoléens et Thoréfoléennes.

Géographie[modifier | modifier le code]

Géographie physique[modifier | modifier le code]

Thorigné-Fouillard est située à une dizaine de kilomètres au nord-est de Rennes (35).

Lieux-dits et écarts[modifier | modifier le code]

  • Clôtière
  • La Morinais
  • Le Placis Vert
  • Le Tertre Rouge
  • Tizé

Communes limitrophes[modifier | modifier le code]

Thorigné-Fouillard est entourée des communes de :

Toponymie[modifier | modifier le code]

Le nom de la commune dériverait de Taurignus, qui était un prénom masculin.

Histoire[modifier | modifier le code]

On évoque le village dans les écrits à partir du XIVe siècle. A l'origine Thorigné-sur-Vilaine et Fouillard étaient deux villages distincts. Plusieurs tentatives de rattachement (1866,1867,1902,1928) se soldèrent par un échec . En 1975, 337 habitants de Fouillard (sur 480 électeurs) demandèrent à Monsieur le Préfet le rattachement de leur "hameau" à Thorigné-Sur-Vilaine. Cette procédure se solda par un refus en 1979. La municipalité de Thorigné-sur-Vilaine relança un nouveau dossier en mars 1980 et le 4 décembre 1981, un décret de rattachement de Fouillard (partie de la commune de Liffré) à la commune de Thorigné-sur-Vilaine est signé. En 1982, la nouvelle commune prend le nom de Thorigné-Fouillard.

Culture et patrimoine[modifier | modifier le code]

Lieux et monuments[modifier | modifier le code]

Festivals et évènements culturels[modifier | modifier le code]

Festival de marionnettes Manimagine[modifier | modifier le code]
Concours de photographie amateur Photofolies[modifier | modifier le code]
Salon de peinture[modifier | modifier le code]

Distinctions[modifier | modifier le code]

Ville fleurie : Deux Fleurs

Administration[modifier | modifier le code]

Liste des maires[modifier | modifier le code]

Liste des maires successifs
Période Identité Étiquette Qualité
mars 2001 mars 2008 Jean-Jacques Bernard Socialiste  
mars 2008 2014 Jean-Jacques Bernard Socialiste  
Les données manquantes sont à compléter.

Trois maires successifs de Thorigné-Fouillard : Claude Rollet, Maurice Lelièvre et Jean-Jacques Bernard.

Jumelages[modifier | modifier le code]

Drapeau de la Roumanie Sibiu  (Roumanie)

Drapeau de la Hongrie Györujbàrat  (Hongrie)

Drapeau de l'Irlande Lusk (Irlande) Comité de jumelage

De plus, la commune réalise des échanges avec Sibi-Sibi au Mali.

Intercommunalité[modifier | modifier le code]

Thorigné-Fouillard fait partie de l'agglomération de communes Rennes métropole.

Démographie[modifier | modifier le code]

1962 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2004 2008
7818922 0483 5915 2576 6256 7087 887
Nombre retenu à partir de 1962 : population sans doubles comptes.

Économie[modifier | modifier le code]

Transports[modifier | modifier le code]

Lignes de bus :

  • Fichier:Ligne50.gif Thorigné-Fouillard - Rennes (Sainte-Anne)
  • Fichier:Ligne92.gif Thorigné-Fouillard - Cesson-Sévigné
  • Rennes - Thorigné-Fouillard - Acigné : circule le vendredi soir, samedi soir et dimanche.

Personnalités liées à la commune[modifier | modifier le code]

Divers[modifier | modifier le code]

Voir aussi[modifier | modifier le code]

wikilien alternatif2

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Liens externes[modifier | modifier le code]


Festival du Vieux Mur[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ Seeing and Enjoying Technology of Edo, p. 25.
  2. ↑ Ivan Federovich Kruzenshtern. “Voyage round the world in the years 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806, on orders of his Imperial Majesty Alexander the First, on the vessels Nadezhda and Neva”.
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