Turc ottoman

Turc ottoman لسان عثمانى Lisân-ı Osmânî Osmanlı türkçesi
Langues filles	Turc
Pays	Empire ottoman
Typologie	SOV agglutinante
Classification par famille
- langues turciques - langues oghouzes - turc
Statut officiel
Langue officielle	Empire ottoman
Codes de langue
IETF	ota
ISO 639-2	ota
ISO 639-3	ota
Échantillon
پاَدِ شَاهِمْ چُوقْ يَشَا سَلْطَنَتْ؛ الله ذُوالْجِلاَلِڭ تَنْوِيرِ عُقُولْ، تَهْذِيبِ نُفُوسْ و تَعْدِيلِ حَرِكَاتْ و اَعْمَالْ ايچُونْ تَشْرِيعْ بُيُورْدِيغى اَحْكَامْ و قَوَانِينِ قُرْآنْ و سُنَّتْ اَحْمَدِيِّه دَنْ اِسْتِنْبَاطَه اِقْتِدَارْ حَاصِلْ ايتْدِكْدَنْ صُوكْرَه اِنْفَاذْ ديمَكْدِرْ. قُوِّهُ رُوحَانِيِّه و جِسْمَانِيِّه يى يَدِ وَاحِدده جَمْعْ ايدَنْ بُويْله بِرْ رِيَاسَتْ صَاحِبِنه سُلْطَانْ، اِمَامْ و خَلِيفه دِينُورْ. بِنَاءً عَلَيْه سُلْطَانْ يَاخُودْ اِمَامْ يَاخُودْ خَلِفه بَاطِنًا اَحْكَامِ شَرِيعَتِڭ حَقَائِقَنه وَاقِفْ و ظَاهِرًا اِنْفَاذِنه مَاْمُورْ اولاَنْ ذَاتِ جَلِيلُ الْمَقَامْدِرْ.

Le turc ottoman, turc osmanlı ou turc ancien (en turc ottoman لغة تركية Lughâ-türkiyâ ; توركى Türkī ; لغة عثمانية, Lughâ-ı Osmāniyyâ ; توركج Türkçe) était la langue officielle de l'Empire ottoman. Son caractère officiel de langue de l'État était fixé par l’article 8 de la constitution de 1876 jusqu'aux réformes linguistiques menées par Mustafa Kemal après 1923, après la disparition de cet Empire. Le turc osmanli s'écrit avec une version de l'alphabet arabe, et se caractérise par une proportion importante de termes venant de l'arabe ou du persan.

Kemal a ensuite fait adopter l'alphabet latin pour écrire le turc et a encouragé les travaux visant à remplacer les mots arabes ou persans par des néologismes d'origine turque.

Grammaire

La grammaire du turc ottoman n'est pas différente de celle du turc moderne.

Les conjugaisons

Les temps et modes

Le turc connaît plusieurs temps et modes.

Il existe deux groupes de verbes selon l'harmonie vocalique : les verbes composés de voyelles antérieures terminés en -mek (مك-) et les verbes composés de voyelles postérieures terminés en -mak (مق-).

Forme temporelle/modale	Suffixe latin	Suffixe ottoman
Progressif	-mekte / -makta	مقده / -مكده-
Nécessitatif	-meli / -malı	ملو- (-melü / -malu)
Aoriste positif	-(e/i)r / -(a/ı)r	ه)ر)-
Aoriste négatif	-mez / -maz	مز-
Impossibilité	-eme / -ama	ه مه-
Futur	-(y)ecek / -(y)acak	ه جق / -ه جك-
Passé non constaté	-miş	مش-
Présent continu	-iyor	يور-
Passé constaté	-di (forme pleine : idi)	(ايدى) دى-
Conditionnel	-se (forme pleine : ise)	(ايسه) سه-

Les terminaisons de personnes

...

Les déclinaisons

Le turc connaît des déclinaisons pour les noms et les pronoms et non pas pour les adjectifs comme dans beaucoup d'autres langues.

Déclinaison des noms
Cas		ev (maison) او			adam (homme) ادم
Nom	Terminaison	Latin	Ottoman	Traduction	Latin	Ottoman	Traduction
Absolu	-	ev	او	maison (sujet ou objet indéfini)	adam	ادم	homme (sujet ou objet indéfini)
Accusatif	-i (ى)	evi	اوى	la maison (objet défini)	adamı	ادمى	homme (objet défini)
Datif	-e (ه)	eve	اوه	vers la maison	adama	ادمه	vers l'homme
Locatif	-de/da (ده)	evde	اوده	dans la maison	adamda	ادمده	dans l'homme
Ablatif	-den/dan (دن)	evden	اودن	depuis la maison	adamdan	ادمدن	depuis l'homme
Génitif	-(n)in (نڭ)	evin	اوڭ	appartenant à la maison	adamın	ادمڭ	appartenant à l'homme
Instrumental	-(y)le/(y)la / ile (ايله)	evle	(او ايله) اوله	avec la maison	adamla	(ادم ايله) ادمله	avec l'homme

Le suffixe de pluriel -ler/-lar (لر-) est le premier à s'ajouter au nom. La déclinaison reste régulière ensuite : اولرى pour dire « les maisons » en tant qu'objet défini. Par exemple : اولرى گوريورم (evleri görüyorum) Je vois les maisons.

Déclinaison des pronoms personnels
Cas	Singulier						Pluriel
	Première		Deuxième		Troisième		Première		Deuxième		Troisième
Absolu	ben	بن	sen	سن	o	او	biz	بز	siz	سز	onlar	اونلر
Accusatif	beni	بنى	seni	سنى	onu	اونى	bizi	بزى	sizi	سزى	onları	اونلرى
Datif	bana	بڭا	sana	سڭا	ona	اونه	bize	بزه	size	سزه	onlara	اونلره
Locatif	bende	بنده	sende	سنده	onda	اونده	bizde	بزده	sizde	سزده	onlarda	اونلرده
Ablatif	benden	بندن	senden	سندن	ondan	اوندن	bizden	بزدن	sizden	سزدن	onlardan	اونلردن
Génitif	benim	بنم	senin	سنڭ	onun	اونڭ	bizim	بزم	sizin	سزڭ	onların	اونلرڭ
Instrumental	benimle	(بنم ايله) بنمله	seninle	(سنڭ ايله) سنڭله	onunla	(اونڭ ايله) اونڭله	bizimle	(بزم ايله) بزمله	sizinle	(سزڭ ايله) سزڭله	onlarla	(اونلر ايله) اونلرله

L'expression de la possession

La grammaire du turc ottoman gardait les traits turciques originels à quoi s'ajoutaient des éléments des grammaires arabe et persane. Ainsi, il existe deux manières d'exprimer la possession en turc ottoman.

La possession turcique

Pour exprimer la possession, le turc ottoman et le turc actuel ont conservé un système en deux parties formé par l'utilisation du génitif sur l'élément possesseur et du possessif sur l'élément possédé. Le possesseur vient avant le possédé dans la phrase turque, ce qui est une inversion par rapport au système français.

	Première personne du singulier		Deuxième personne du singulier		Troisième personne du singulier		Première personne du pluriel		Deuxième personne du pluriel		Troisième personne du pluriel
Génitif	ben-im	بنم	sen-in	سنڭ	o-nun	اونڭ	biz-im	بزم	siz-in	سزڭ	onlar-ın	اونلرڭ
Possessif	-(i)m	م-	-(i)n	ڭ-	-(s)i	سى-	-(i)miz	مز-	-(i)niz	ڭز-	-leri/-ları	لرى-
Exemple (chat: kedi كدى)	benim kedim	بنم كديم	senin kedin	سنڭ كديڭ	onun kedisi	اونڭ كديسى	bizim kedimiz	بزم كديمز	sizin kediniz	سزڭ كديڭز	onların kedileri	اونلرڭ كديلرى

Il est aussi possible de créer des groupes possessifs indéfinis avec la troisième personne du singulier construit avec un possédant au cas absolu et un possédé au possessif. Ces groupes permettent de créer des types d'objet particuliers qui sont inséparables : Osmanlı Devleti عثمانلى دولتى « Etat ottoman », güneş gözlüğü گونش گوزلگى « lunettes de soleil » (et non pas les lunettes appartenant au soleil).

La possession persane - l'utilisation de l'ezafe

Le système de l'ezafe était connu du turc ottoman. Contrairement au système de possession turcique, la construction se fait avec le possédé précédant le possesseur avec une liaison par un -i (-u/-ü/-ı selon l'harmonie vocalique).

Considéré comme littéraire, son utilisation était abondante dans les écrits et dénominations officielles :

• la Sublime porte se dit بابِ عالى Bab-ı ali

• l'Empire ottoman s'appelait دولت عليه عثمانيه‎ Devlet-i aliye-i Osmaniye

Il était généralement rendu par une kasra ou une hamza lorsque le mot se terminait par un he, un vav ou un ye mais les diacritiques n'étaient pas toujours apparentes et la connexion par l'ezafe se devinait du contexte (cf. Empire ottoman ci-dessus).

Registres de langue

Selon le contexte d'utilisation, il peut exister au moins trois registres de langues :

• Fasih türkçe (turc formel) : langue de l’administration et de la poésie,
• Orta türkçe (turc moyen) : langue du commerce et des classes sociales supérieures,
• Kaba türkçe (turc vulgaire) : langue familière.

Abandon du turc ottoman et remplacement du lexique arabo-persan

Le remplacement du vocabulaire arabo-persan par des néologismes turciques

Les emprunts à l'arabe

* Anciens mots toujours utilisés avec le néologisme aujourd'hui.
** Néologismes moins employés que les emprunts.

Mot ottoman	Mot en latin	Néologisme	Signification	Remarque
عفو ايتمك ʻafu itmek*	affetmek	bağışlamak	pardonner	From the Persian bağışla– "to spare."
أخلاق ahlak*	ahlak	töre	tradition	From the Old Turkic noun töre "customary law."
ʻaile*	aile	ocak**	famille	From the Old Turkic noun ocak "hearth."
عقبة akabe*	akabe	geçit	passage	From the root geç– "to pass."
عقد ʻaqd*, مقاولة mukâvele	akit, mukavele	sözleşme, anlaşma, bağıt	contrat	From the Old Turkic söz "word."
عقل ʻaql*	akıl	us**	sagesse	From the Old Turkic noun us "intelligence."
علاقة ʻalaqe*	alaka(lı)	ilgi(li)	lié à, pertinent	From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."
علامة alamet*	alamet	önsezi	prémonition	From the adjective ön "front."
عمة amme*	amme	sargı	bandage	From the root sar– "to warp."
عامل ʻâmil	amil	etken	facteur	From the root et– "to do."
عملية ʻamaliyyah	ameliye	işlem	opération, processus	From the root işle– "to work."
عامة amme	amme	kamu	public, communauté	From the Middle Persian adjective "kamu" "all."
عمودي amudi*	amudi	dikey	perpendiculaire ; survit dans amuda kalkmak.	From the root dik– "to plant."
عنعنة a'nane	anane	gelenek, görenek	tradition	Created by İsmet İnönü in 1947, from the root gel– "to come."
عنغنوي ananevi*	ananevi	geleneksel	traditionnel	Created by İsmet İnönü in 1947, from the root gel– "to come."
عساكر asakir*	asker	sü**, çeri**	soldat	The Turkish words are used in specific contexts such as subay, "army officer" and yeniçeri "janissary").
عصر asr*	asır	yüzyıl	siècle	A compound formed by yüz "one hundred" and yıl "year." The replacement does not preserve the distinction between "century" and "hundred years." The distinction is sometimes important: Speaking in 2020, "yedi asır kadar önce" (some seven centuries ago), has a margin of error of some 60 or 70 years and may refer to 1260–1380, whereas "yedi yüzyıl kadar önce" refers to 1320.
بارز bâriz*	bariz	kesin, belli	évident	From the root kes– "to cut."
بسيط basîṭ*	basit	kolay	simple, facile	From the noun kol "arm."
بعض bazı*	bazı	kimi	quelques
بداهة bedāhet)*	bedahet	hazırcevaplık	quick wit
بشرية beşeriyyet*	beşeriyet	insanlık	humanité
أبيض abyâz*	beyaz	ak	blanc	The Arabic word and the Turkish word are used in somewhat different contexts: "beyaz" translates as "fair" or "(white) clean"
جمعة camiʻah*	camîa	topluluk	communauté	From the adjective toplu "collective."
جبراً cebren	cebren	zorla	forcefully	From the adjective zor– "difficult."
جلسة calsah*	celse	oturum	audition	From the root otur– "to sit."
جماعة cemaat*	cemaat	kurultay	société	From the Mongolian kurilta "assembly of the nobles."
جمعية cemiyet*	cemiyet	toplum	société	From the adjective toplu "collective."
جنوب cenûb	cenup	güney	sud	From the old Turkic Gün "sun" or "day," conserved in some Anatolian dialects to mean "sunny place."
جرحة cerahah	cerahat	irin	pus
جريان cereyan*	cereyan	akım	courant	From the root ak– "to flow."
جواب cevâb*	cevap	yanıt	réponse	From the Old Turkic noun yanut.
جهاز cihaz*	cihaz	aygıt	apparat
جواري civarı*	civarı	dolayları	à peu près
جملة cümle*	cümle	tümce**	phrase	From the noun tüm "all, entire."
دفعة defʻa*, کره kere*	defa, kere	kez	fois	Both defa and kere are still in popular use.
دفينة define*	define	gömü	trésor	From the root göm– "to bury."
دليل delil*	delil	kanıt	preuve
دور devr*	devir	çağ	ère	Borrowed from Mongolian, which itself is from Old Turkic çak.
دورة devre*	devre	dönem	semestre	From the root dön– "to turn."
أبعاد ebʻâd*	ebat	boyut	dimension, taille	From the Arabic buʻd.
أبدي ebedî*	ebedî	sonsuz	toujours	The Turkish word literally means "without-end."
أجداد ecdâd	ecdat	ata	ancêtre	The Turkish word literally means "father."
أجل ecel*	ecel	ölüm	mort	From the root öl– "to die."
أجنبي acnebi*	ecnebi	el, yad	étranger
أدبيات edebiyyat*	edebiyat	yazın**	littérature	From the root yaz– "to write."
أهميات ehemmiyyet	ehemmiyet	önem	importance
ألبسة elbise*	elbise	giysi	vêtement	From the root giy– "to wear."
أمر emr*	emir	buyruk	ordre	From the Old Turkic noun buyruk.
amniyyah*	emniyet	güvenlik	sécurité	From the noun güven "trust."
أثر eser*	eser	yapıt	production (musique, film)	From the root yap– "to make."
أسير esîr*	esir	tutsak	otage	From the root tut– "to hold."
أطراف etraf*	etraf	ortalık	alentours	From the adjective orta "middle."
أوراق evrâk*	evrak	belge	document	In Arabic, evrāk is the plural of vārāk; in modern Turkish, evrak is used as often a singular, although it should be used as a plural of varak.
أول evvel*	evvel	önce	avant	Using the adjective ön "front" as a prefix.
فعال faʻâl*	faal	etkin	actif	From the root et– "to do."
فائز faiz*	faiz	ürem**, getiri	intérêt	From the root ür– "to produce."
فقير، فقرة fakir, fukara*	fakir	yoksul	pauvre	From the root yok– "to not exist."
فرض farz*	farz	varsayım	supposition	From the root varsay– "to suppose."
فايدة fâydah*	fayda	yarar	bénéfique, utile
فن fenn*, علم ʻilm*	fen, ilim	bilim	science	From the root bil– "to know."
فيضان feyezan	feyezan	taşkın	courant	From the root taş– "to overflow."
فرقة fırka*	fırka	topluluk	groupe	From the adjective toplu "collective."
فرقة furqah	fırkat	ayrılık	disparité	From the Old Turkic root ayr– "to separate."
فكر fikr*	fikir	görüş	opinion	From the root gör– "to see."
فعل fiʻl*	fiil	eylem	verbe	From the root ey– "to do."
غرب garb	garp	batı	ouest	From the root bat– "to sink."
غير gayr	gayri	olmayan, başka, dışı	non-, autre
غذاء gıda*	gıda	besin	nourriture
حادثة hadise*	hadise	olay	évènement	From the root ol-, meaning "to be", "to become".
حافظة hâfıza*	hafıza	bellek	mémoire	The new word is commonly used in electronics, like computer memory, i.e. önbellek for cache
خفيف hafif*	hafif	yeğni**	léger	The Turkish word is rarely used.
حفريات hafriyyât	hafriyat	kazı	excavation	From the root kaz-, meaning "to dig".
حق haqq*	hak	pay	portion
حقيقة haqîqat*	hakikat	gerçek	vérité
حاكم hâkim*	hâkim	yargıç	juge
حال hâl*, وضعية vazʻiyet*	hâl, vaziyet	durum	situation	From the root dur– "to halt."
خليطة halîta	halita	alaşım	alloy
haʻmile*	hamile	gebe	enceinte
خراب harâb*	harap	yıkık	ruine	From the root yık– "to destroy."
حرارة harâret*	hararet	ısı, sıcaklık	température	The old word can be used in both meanings in Turkish language.
حركة harekkat*	hareket	devinim**	mouvement
حرف harf*	harf	ses, imce**	lettre	From the Old Turkic noun ses– "to voice."
حسرة hasra*	hasret	özlem	mélancolie
حساس hassas*	hassas	duyarlı	sensible	From the root duy– "to feel."
حشرة haşara*	haşere	böcek	insecte
خطأ hatâ*, قصور kusûr*	hata, kusur	yanlış	erreur
حطب hatb	hatab	odun	bois
ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ḫaṭavāt	hatavat	adımlar	steps
خاطرة hâtıra*	hatıra	anı	memoir	From the root an– "to call to mind."
حياة hayât*, عمر ömr*	hayat, ömür	yaşam, dirim**	life	From the root yaşa– "to live."
حيثية haysiyyet*	haysiyet	saygınlık	respectability	From the root say– "to count."
حزم hazm*	hazım	sindirim	digestion
هدية hediyye*	hediye	armağan	gift
هيئة hey'et*	heyet	kurul	board (company)	From the root kur– "to set up."
حدة hiddet*	hiddet	kızgınlık, öfke	anger
حكاية hikâye*	hikâye	öykü	story	Neologism coined by Nurullah Ataç.
خلاف hilâf	hilaf	karşıt	contrary	From the noun karşı "opposite."
حس his*	his	duygu	feeling	From the root duy– "to feel."
خواجه hôca*	hoca	öğretmen	teacher	From the root 'öğret-, meaning "to teach".
حدود hudut*	hudut	sınır	border.	Sınır is a Greek borrowing.
حقوق hukuk*	hukuk	tüze**	(judiciary) law	From the Old Turkic root tuz– "to command."
خلاصة hulasa*	hulasa	özet	summary
خصوص husûs*	husus	konu	subject	Coined in 1935 from the root kon– "to be placed."
حضور huzûr*	huzur	dirlik**	comfort
حجرة hucre*	hücre	göze**	cell
هجوم hücûm*	hücum	saldırı	attack	From the root saldır– "to attack."
حرمة hürmet*	hürmet	saygı	respect	From the root say– "to count."
إرثية ırsiyet*	ırsiyet	kalıtım	heredity	From the root kal– "to remain."
إصرار ısrar*	ısrar	üsteleme	insisting	From the adjective üst "above."
إصطلاح ıstılah*	ıstılah	terim	term	Borrowed from Persian.
إجتماع içtima	içtima	kavuşum	new moon (astronomy)
إجتماعي ictimai	içtimai	toplumsal	communal	From the adjective toplu "collective."
إدارة idare*	idare	yönetim	administration	From the root yönet– "to give direction ."
إدرار idrar*	idrar	sidik	urine	The original meaning of the Arabic word is "the action of yielding milk". The Turkish word is derived from an old Turkic verb siymek, meaning "to urinate".
إفادة ifade*	ifade	anlatım	narration	From the root anlat– "to explain."
إفتخار iftihâr*	iftihar	övünme	pride	From the root öv– "to praise."
إحتراس ihtiras*	ihtiras	tutku	passion	From the root tut– "to hold."
إحتواء ihtiva	ihtiva etmek	içermek	to comprise	From the adjective iç "inside."
إحتياج ihtiyâc *	ihtiyaç	gereksinme, gereksinim	need	iħtiyāj is an Arabic verbal-noun form of iħtāj, meaning "need"
إختيار ihtiyâr*	ihtiyar	yaşlı	old (age)	From the noun yaş "age."
إحتياط ihtiyât	ihtiyat	yedek	backup, spare
إحتياط ihtiyatlı*	ihtiyatlı	uyanık	wide-awake	From the root uyan– "to arouse."
إقتباس iktibas	iktibas	alıntı	copying (in literature; referencing)	From the root al– "to take"
آلهة ilahe*	ilahe	tanrıça	goddess Tanrı (God) + –ça of Serbo-Croatian	Serbo-Croat supplied the feminine suffix, –ça, which Turkish lacked.
علاوة ilave*	ilave	ek	addition
إلهام ilhâm*	ilham	esin	inspiration
عمار ʻimâr*	imar	bayındırlık	construction, development
إمكان imkân*	imkân	olanak	opportunity, possibility	From the root ol– "to exist."
إملاء imlâ*	imla	yazım	orthography	From the root yaz– "to write."
إمتداد imtidad*	imtidad	uzay	space	From the root uza– "to extend."
إمتحان imtihân	imtihan	sınav, yazılı	examination	From the Tatar root sına– "to test."
امتياز imtiyâz*	imtiyaz	ayrıcalık	"to write."	From the adjective ayrı "separate."
انحسار inhisâr	inhisar	tekel	monopoly	Ömer Asım Aksoy coined from tekel "single hand."
انسان insân*	insan	kul**	human	The new word is used almost only in religious context.
انطباع intiba	intiba	izlenim	impression
انتخاب intihab*	intihab	seçim	election	From the root seç– "to choose."
انتحال intihal	intihal	aşırma	plagiarism	From the root aşır– "to steal."
ابتدائی ibtidâ‘î	iptidai	ilkel	primary; primitive	From the word ilk "first."
ارتفاع irtifâʻ*	irtifa	yükseklik	altitude	The old word is only used in aviation, as in "the altitude of the plane".
ارثی irsî*	ırsi	kalıtsal, kalıtımsal	hereditary	From the root kal– "to remain."
اسم ism*	isim	ad	name
اِسْكَانْ iskan*	iskan	konut	abode	From the root kon– "to settle."
اِسْتِخْدَامْ istihdam*	istihdam	dağıtım	distribution	From the root dağıt– "to distribute."
إستحصال istiḥṣāl	istihsal	üretim	production	From the root üret– "to produce."
استقامت istikamet*	istikamet	yön	direction
إستقلال istiqlal*	istiklal	bağımsızlık	independence, freedom	From the noun bağ "tie, bond, impediment."
استراحة istirâhat*	istirahat	dinlenme	rest	From the root dinlen– "to rest."
استثمار istismar*	istismar	sömürge	colony	From the root sömür– "to exploit."
إستثقال istisḳāl	istiskal	aşağılama	abasement
استثناء istisnâ'*	istisna	aykırı	exception
اشارت işaret*	işaret	gösterge	indicator	From the root göster– "to show."
اشتغال iştigâl	iştigal	uğraş, uğraşı	occupation
اشتراك iştirâk*	iştirak	ortaklık	association
اتمام itmam*	itmam	tamamlama	completion	From the adjective tam "complete, full."
ايضاح izâh*	izah	açıklama	clarification	From the root aç– "to open."
ازدواج izdivâc	izdivaç	evlilik	marriage	From the noun ev "house."
قابليه kâbiliyet*	kabiliyet	yetenek, yeti	talent, ability	From the root yet– "to reach."
قادر kader*	kader	yazgı	fate	From the root yaz– "to write."
قفة qaffa*	kafa	baş	head
كافي kâfi*	kâfi	yeter	enough	From the root yet– "to be enough."
قاعده kaide*	kaide	taban	floor
كائنات kâ'inât*	kâinat	evren	universe
قلب kalb*	kalp	yürek	heart
قانون kânûn*	kanun	yasa	law	Borrowed from Mongolian.
قانون اساسى kanunuesasi	kanunuesasi	anayasa	constitution (law)	Literally "mother law."
قافيه kâfiye*	kafiye	uyak	rhyme	From the root uy– "to comply, fit."
كانون اول kânûn-ı evvel		aralık	December	"Aralık" was adopted during the drafting of the 1945 Constitution because it occurred in the text. With the new name for December it became the subject of jokes on the theme that the transition from December to January—Aralıktan Ocağa—now meant passing through the gap into the fire.
كانون ثانی kânûn-ı sânî		ocak	January	"Ocak," the new name for January preserves the meaning of kânun "hearth."
كلمه kelime*	kelime	sözcük, söz	word	Invented by Melih Cevdet Anday in 1958.
قرمز ghermez*	kırmızı	al**, kızıl	red	The Arabic and the Turkish words are used in somewhat different contexts. kızıl is mostly used for red hair.
قسم kısm*	kısım	bölüm	part	From the root böl– "to divide."
كتاب ketab*	kitap	betik**	book	From the Old Turkic root biti– "to write," which is a loanword from Chinese word 筆, meaning "brush."
كفر kufr*	küfür	sövme**	curse	From the root söv– "to swear, curse."
قوة kuvvet*	kuvvet	güç, erk	power, force	In physics, the old word is used for "force" and the new word is used for "power".
كُلِّيَتْ külliyet*	külliyet	tüm	whole
كرة küre*	küre	yuvar**	sphere
لطيفه lâtîfe	latife	şaka	joke	The new word is also of Arabic origin (from the word şaḳā (شقاء)), meaning "pity, being unfortunate"
لسان lisân*	lisan	dil	language	dil means both tongue in the physical sense and language, while "lisan" only means tongue in the language sense.
لغات lûġat	lügat	sözlük	dictionary
لزوملو lüzûmlu*	lüzumlu	gerekli	necessary
ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻒ me‘ārif*	maarif	eğitim	education
معاش maʻâş*	maaş	aylık	salary	From the noun ay "moon, month"
معباد maʻbed*	mabet	tapınak	temple	From the root tap– "to worship."
مادة maddî*	maddî	özdeksel**	material, materialistic	The Turkish word is exclusively used in the context of philosophy.
مفصل mafsal	mafsal	eklem	ligament	The old word is used for "hinge" (non-anatomical).
مغدور mağdûr*	mağdur	kıygın**	wronged, injured	The new word is almost never used.
مغلوبيات maʻlubiyyat*	mağlubiyet	yenilgi	defeat	From the root yen– "to defeat."
محلى mahalli*	mahalli	yöresel	regional
محفوظ mahfuz	mahfuz	saklı	hidden	From the root sakla– "to hide."
مخلوق mahlûk*	mahluk	yaratık	creature	From the root yarat– "to create."
محصول mahsûl*	mahsul	ürün	product	The new word actually meant "weed".
مخصوص mahsûs*	mahsus	özgü	peculiar
مقصد maksad*, غايه gaye*, هدف hedef*	maksat, gaye, hedef	amaç, erek	goal
معقول maʻkûl*	makul	uygun, elverişli	reasonable	From the root uy– "to comply."
معنة maʻnah*	mâna	anlam	meaning	From the root anla– "to comprehend."
معنوي manevî*	manevî	tinsel**	moral, spiritual	The Turkish word is exclusively used in the context of philosophy.
مانع mâniʻ*	mani	engel	obstacle
مصرف masraf*	masraf	gider, harcama	cost	From the root git– "to go, leave."
مطبعه matbaa*	matbaa	basım evi	printing	From the root bas– "to press."
معذرت mazeret*	mazeret	gerekçe	corollary	From the root gerek– "to need."
ﻣﺒﺪﺃ mebde’*	mebde	başlangıç	beginning
مجاز mecaz*, استعارة istiare	mecaz	iğretileme, eğretileme	metaphor
مجبور mecbûr*	mecbur	zorunlu	obligation, obligatory	Both the new and the old words can be used as either a noun or an adjective.
مجهول mechûl*	meçhul	bilinmeyen	unknown	From the root bil– "to know."
مدني madanni*	medeni	uygar	civil	Borrowed from Uyghur.
مدنيات madanniyyat*	medeniyet	uygarlık	civilization	From the name of the Uyghur Uygur, who established an advanced civilization in Eastern Turkestan in the tenth to twelfth centuries.
مفهوم mefhûm*	mefhum	kavram	concept	From the root kavra– "to grasp, understand."
مکروه mekrûh*	mekruh	iğrenç	disgusting
مملکت memleket*	memleket	ülke	country	The old word is used for "one's native region"
ﻣﻨﺸﺄ menşe*	menşe	kök	root
مراسم merâsim*	merasim	tören	ceremony
مساحه mesaha*	mesaha	yüzölçüm	area, measure of	From the root ölç– "to measure."
مرثيه mersiye	mersiye	ağıt	elegy
مسافه mesafe*	mesafe	uzaklık	distance	From the root uza– "to extend."
مثانة mesane*	mesane	sidik kesesi	urinary bladder
مثلا meselâ*	mesela	örneğin	for example
مسعود mesʻûd*	mesut	mutlu, sevinçli	happy
مسئوليات maʻsûliyyat*	mesuliyet	sorumluluk	responsibility
مشهور meşhûr*	meşhur	ünlü	famous	From the noun ün "fame."
مشروبات meşrûbât*	meşrubat	içecek	beverage	From the root iç– "to drink."
موقع mevkiʻ مكان mekân*	mevki, mekân	yer, konum	location	From the root kon– "to settle."
موضع mevzi*	mevzi	bölge	location	From the root böl– "to divide."
ميدان meydân*, ساحه sâha	meydan, saha	alan**	open area, plaza	While the new word is used mainly in mathematics (as in the "area" of a triangle), it is seldom used with the same meaning of the old words except in compound words like havaalanı (airport), not hava meydanı (older version).
ميل meyl*	meyil	eğim, eğilim	inclination	From the root eğil– "to incline."
مزار mezar*	mezar	gömüt**	cemetery	From the root göm– "to bury."
منطقة mıntıka	mıntıka	bölge	region	From the root böl– "to divide."
ملت millet*	millet	ulus	ulus	From the Mongolian noun uluş "confederation of people."
مراث mirâs*	miras	kalıt**	inheritance	From the root kal– "to remain."
مسافر misâfir*	misafir	konuk	guest	From the root kon– "to settle."
مثال misâl*	misal	örnek	example
مسکين miskîn*	miskin	uyuşuk, mıymıntı	lazy	From the root uyuş– "to numb."
معامله muʻâmele*	muamele	davranış	treatment, behavior	From the root davran– "to behave."
معما muʻammâ	muamma	bilmece	puzzle, trivia	From the root bil– "to know."
معاصر muʻâsır	muasır	çağdaş, güncel	contemporary
معاون muʻâvin*	muavin	yardımcı	helper
معجزه muʻcize*	mucize	tansık**	miracle	The new word is almost never used.
مغذي mugaddii	mugaddi	besleyici	nourisher
مغالطه mugalata	mugalata	yanıltmaca	deceptive statement	From the root yanılt– "to mislead."
مغني، مغنيه muganni, muganniye	muganni,muganniye	şarkıcı	singer
مغايرة mugayeret	mugayeret	aykırılık	irregularity
مغاير mugayir	mugayir	aykırı	irregular	The old word has only remained as a legal term meaning "adverse".
مخابره muhabere	muhabere	iletişim, iletişme	communication	From the root ilet– "to transmit."
مهاجرة muhaceret	muhaceret	göç	emigration	From the root göç– "to move."
مهاجم muhacim	muhacim	saldıran, saldırıcı	attacker, offender	From the root saldır– "to attack."
مهاجر muhacir	muhacir	göçmen	immigrant	From the root göç– "to move."
محدب muhaddep	muhaddep	dış bükey	convex	From the root bük– "to bend."
محافظة muhafaza*	muhafaza	koruma	conservation	From the root koru– "to protect."
محافظ muhafız	muhafız	koruyucu	protector	From the root koru– "to protect."
محاكمه muhakeme*	muhakeme	yargılama, uslamlama	judgment, argumentation
مدة muddat*	müddet	süre	duration	From the root sür– "to last."
محقق muhakkak*	muhakkak	kesin(likle)	certain(ly)
محقق muhakkik	muhakkik	soruşturmacı	investigator	From the root sor– "to ask."
محال muhal	muhal	olanaksız	impossible	From the root ol– "to exist."
مخالفة muhallaffat*	muhalefet	karşıtlık	opposition	From the adjective karşı "opposite."
مخمن muhammen	muhammen	oranlanan, ön görülen	pre-determined
مخمس muhammes	muhammes	beşgen	pentagon	From the noun beş "five."
محاربه muhârebe, حرب harb	muharebe, harp	savaş	war
محارب muharip	muharip	savaşçı	warrior
محرر muharrer	muharrer	yazılı, yazılmış	written	From the root yaz– "to write."
محرك muharrik	muharrik	kışkırtıcı, ayartıcı	provoker	From the root kışkırt– "to provoke."
محاصره muhasara	muhasara	kuşatma	siege	From the root kuşat– "to encircle."
محاسبه muhasebe*	muhasebe	saymanlık	accounting, bookkeeping	From the root say– "to count."
محاسبجي muhasebeci*	muhasebeci	sayman	accountant, bookkeeper	From the root say– "to count."
محتمل muhtemel*	muhtemel	olası	possible	From the root ol– "to happen."
محتويات muhteviyyât	muhteviyat	içindekiler	ingredients	From the adjective iç "inside."
مقدس mukaddes	mukaddes	kutsal	sacred
منتظم muntazam*	muntazam	düzgün, düzenli	tidy	From the root düz– "to align."
مربع murabbaʻ	murabba	kare	square	A loanword from the French carré.
معتدل muʻtedil	mutedil	ılım(lı)	moderate(ly)
موفقيت muvaffakıyyet	muvaffakiyet	başarı	success	From the root başar– "to succeed (in)."
مبالغه mübalâga	mübalağa	abartı	exaggeration	From the root abart– "to exaggerate."
مجادله mücâdele*	mücadele	çaba, uğraş	endeavor
مجرد mücerrit	mücerrit	soyut	abstract	From the root soy– "to strip."
مدافعه müdâfaʻa	müdafaa	koruma	sustain, protect, defend	From the root koru– "to protect."
مداخله müdâhale*	müdahale	karışma	intervention	From the root karış– "to interfere, meddle with."
مُلَازِمْ mülazım*	mülazım	teğmen	lieutenant	From the Old Turkic teğ– "to touch," which Turkish retains as değ–.
مدت müddet*	müddet	süre	duration	From the root sür– "to last."
مدركه mudrike	müdrike	anlık	intellect (in psychology)
مؤدب mueddep	müeddep	uslu	well behaved, demure	From the noun us "intelligence."
مؤلفات muelleffat	müellefat	(yazılı) yapıt	(written) piece	From the root yap– "to make."
مؤلف، محرر muellif, muharrir	müellif, muharrir	yazar	writer	From the root yaz– "to write."
مؤمن muemmen	müemmen	sağlanmış	secured	From the adjective sağ "alive."
مؤنث muennes	müennes	dişil	feminine
مؤسسه mu‘essese	müessese	kurum	foundation	From the root kur– "to set up." Kurum is recorded in Tarama Sözlüğü (1963-77) as occurring in two dictionaries from the fourteenth and eighteenth century.
مؤثر muessir	müessir	dokunaklı	touching	From the root dokun– "to touch."
مؤسس muessis	müessis	kurucu	founder	From the root kur– "to set up."
مفكره mufekkrireh	müfekkire	düşünce gücü	thought capacity	From the root düşün– "to think."
مفرد mufrett	müfret	tekil	singular	From the adjective tek "single."
مفلس muflis	müflis	batkın	one that's gone bankrupt	From the root bat– "to sink."
مهم mühim*	mühim	önemli	important	From the noun önem "importance."
مؤمن mü‘min	mümin	inanan, inançlı	believer	From the root inan– "to believe."
مناسبت münâsebet*	münasebet	ilişki	relation	From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."
منتخب müntahib*	müntahib	seçmen	voter	From the root seç– "to choose."
مراجعت mürâcaʻat	müracaat	başvuru	application	From the root başvur– "to apply."
مركب mürekkeb	mürekkep	birleşmiş, birleşik	ink	From the root birleş– "to unite."
مرتب murrettip	mürettip	dizgici	type setter	From the root diz– "to align."
مسابقه müsâbaka	müsabaka	karşılaşma	match, competition	From the adjective karşı "opposite."
مسامحه müsâmaha	müsamaha	hoşgörü	tolerance	From the root gör– "to see."
مُسَاو۪ي müsavi*	müsavi	eşit	equal	From the noun eş "pair."
مسدس müseddes*	müseddes	altıgen	hexagon	From the noun altı "six."
مستهجن müstehcen*	müstehcen	uygunsuz	inappropriate, obscene	From the root uy– "to comply."
مستملك mustamlak	müstemleke	sömürge	colony (exploitee)	From the root sömür– "to exploit."
مسوده müsvedde*	müsvedde	taslak	draft
مشابه، مماثل muşabbih, mumassil	müşabih, mümasil	benzer	similar	From the root benze– "to resemble."
مشبهات muşşabbahat	müşabehet	benzerlik	similarity	From the root benze– "to resemble."
مشخص müşahhas	müşahhas	somut	concrete (in concept, the opposite of abstract)
مشكل müşkül	müşkül	çetin**	difficult
مشرك muşrik	müşrik	çoktanrıcı	polytheist
مشتق müştak	müştak	türev	derivative	Borrowed from Kazakh, where verbs end not in –mek/–mak, but in –v.
مشتكي muşteki	müşteki	yakınan, sızlanan	one who complains, whiner
مشتملات muştemilat	müştemilat	eklenti	attachment, appandage	From the root ekle– "to add."
مشترك muşterek*	müşterek	ortak	partner	From the noun orta "middle."
مشتري muşteri*	müşteri	alıcı, alımcı	customer	From the root al– "to buy."
مطالعه mütâlâʻa	mütalâa	düşünce	thought	From the root düşün– "to think."
متارکه mütâreke	mütareke	antlaşma	armistice	From the noun ant "oath."
متعدد muteaddit	müteaddit	birçok	a lot, many
متفن muteaffin	müteaffin	kokuşuk	malodorous	From the root kok– "to smell."
متعهد muteahhid*	müteahhit	üstenci	contractor
متعاقب muteakib	müteakip	sonra, ardından	after, thereafter	From the adjective arka "behind."
متعاليه mutealiye	mütealiye	deneyüstücülük	transcendentalism
متعلق muteallik	müteallik	ilişkin, ilgili	related (to)	From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."
متعمم muteammim	müteammim	yaygınlaşmış, genelleşmiş	something that has widespread	From the root yay– "to radiate."
متعارفه mutearife	mütearife	belit**	axiom
متبقي mutebaki	mütebaki	kalan	remaining	From the root kal– "to remain."
متبدل mutebeddil	mütebeddil	değişen, kararsız	one that changes, undecided	From the root değiş– "to change."
متبسم mutebessim	mütebessim	gülümseyen, güleç	one that smiles	From the root gül– "to laugh."
متجنس mutecanis	mütecanis	bağdaşık	homogenous
متجاوز mutecaviz	mütecaviz	saldırgan	attacker	From the root saldır– "to attack."
متدين mutedeyyin	mütedeyyin	dindar	religious	Borrowed from Persian, where it means "owner of religion."
متأثر muteessir	müteessir	üzüntülü	sad (person)	From the root üz– "to aggrieve."
متفكر mutefekkir	mütefekkir	düşünür	thinker, intellectual	From the root düşün– "to think."
متفرق müteferrik	müteferrik	dağınık	untidy	From the root dağıt– "to distribute."
متحمل mutehammil	mütehammil	dayanıklı	durable
متحرك muteharrik	müteharrik	devingen, oynar	mobile
مُحْتَرَمْ muhterem*	muhterem	saygıdeğer	honorable
متخصص mütehassıs	mütehassıs	uzman	expert	From the Old Turkic noun uz "skilled craftsman" and the intensive suffix "–man" in şişman "fat" and kocaman "huge."
متشبث muteşşebbis	müteşebbis	girişimci	entrepreneur	From the root gir– "to enter."
متوازي mütevâzî*	mütevazi	alçakgönüllü	humble
متوفى muteveffa	müteveffa	ölü, ölmüş	mort	From the root öl– "to die."
متفق muttefik*	müttefik	bağlaşık**	allié	From the root bağla– "to tie."
مزايده muzayyadeh	müzayede	açık arttırma	auction
مزمن müzmin	müzmin	süreğen	chronique	From the root sür– "to last."
نادر nadir*, اندر ender*	nadir, ender	seyrek	rare
نغمه nağme	nağme	ezgi	mélodie
ناقص nakıs*	nakıs	eksi	minus
نصيحت nasîhat*	nasihat	öğüt	advice, counsel
نظير nâzır	nazır	bakan	ministre
نفس nefes*	nefes	soluk	souffle
نسيج nesiç	nesiç	doku	mouchoir
نسل nesl*	nesil	kuşak	génération
نتيجه netîce*	netice	sonuç	résultat	From the combination of old Turkic nouns son "end" and uç "latter."
نزيف nezif	nezif	kanama	hémorragie	From the noun kan "blood"
نصف nısf	nısıf	yarı(m)	moitié	From the root yar– "to split."
نهايت nihâyet*	nihayet	son(unda)	fin(alement)
نكاح nikâh*	nikâh	düğün	mariage	In modern Turkish, nikâh is generally used for the wedding ceremony, while düğün is used for the wedding reception or party.
نسبت nisbet*	nispet	oran	ratio	From the Old Turkic noun oran for "measure," "proportion" or "moderation."
نطق nutk*	nutuk	söylev	speech	Borrowed from Kazakh, where verbs end not in –mek/–mak, but in –v.
رفاه rafāh*	refah	gönenç	prosperity
رغما ragmen*	rağmen	karşın	despite, in spite of	From the adjective karşı "opposite."
رئيس re'îs	reis	başkan	president
رأي rey*	rey	oy	vote
رجعت ricat*	ricat	çekilme	retreat	From the root çek– "to pull."
روح ruh*	ruh	tin**	spirit	The Turkish word is almost never used, except in the context of philosophy.
رطوبه rutûbet*	rutubet	yaşlık, ıslaklık	moisture	From the adjective yaş "dank."
رؤيا rü'ya*	rüya	düş	dream
سادهّ sade, سائد sa'aid*	sade	yalın	plain	The Turkish word is rarely used.
صفحة safha*	safha	evre, aşama	stage, phase
صفراء safra*	safra	öd	bile
ساحل sahil*	sahil	kıyı	coast
صاحب sahip*	sahip	iye**	owner	The Turkish word is seldom used; however, it is commonly used in the context of grammar when describing the possessive suffix (iyelik eki)
سطح sath	satıh	yüzey	surface	From the noun yüz "face."
سياره sayyâre	seyyare	araba, taşıt	car	Araba is the outdated expression for "car" in Arabic. The current word in Arabic for car is seyyara but in Turkish seyyar, means "transportable" or given to travel.
سبب sebeb*	sebep	neden	reason
سفاره safarat	sefaret	büyükelçilik	embassy
سلامت selâmet	selamet	esenlik	health, soundness
سما semâ	sema	gök	sky
سنه sene*	sene	yıl	year
صحت sıhhat	sıhhat	sağlık	health	From the adjective sağ "alive."
سحر sihr*	sihir	büyü	magic
صحبت sohbet*	sohbet	söyleşi	chat	From the root söyle– "to say."
سؤال su'âl	sual	soru	question	From the root sor– "to ask."
صلح sulh	sulh	barış	peace
صنع sunî	suni	yapay	artificial	From the root yap– "to make."
سکوت sükût	sükût	sessizlik	silence	From the noun ses "voice."
شاهد şâhid*	şahit	tanık	witness	From the root tanı– "to recognize."
شاعر şair*	şair	ozan	poet
شعير şaîr*	şair	arpa	barley
شرق şark	şark	doğu	east	From the root doğ– "to be born."
شرط şart*	şart	koşul	condition	Invented in 1947 by Nurullah Ataç.
شمال şimâl	şimal	kuzey	north	From the noun kuz "side of a mountain out of reach of the sun." Kuzey was also used in some Anatolian dialects, meaning sunless place.
ﺷﻌﺎﻉ şu‘ā‘)*	şua	ışın	ray, gleam
تعلق taalluk	taalluk	ilinti	connection, relation	From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."
طبقه tabaqqa *	tabaka	katman	layer	From the noun kat "floor."
طبيعت ṭabîʻat*	tabiat	doğa	nature	From the root doğ– "to be born."
طبيعى ṭabîʻî*	tabii	doğal	natural	From the root doğ– "to be born."
تعبير، افاده taʻbîr, ifâde*	tabir, ifade	deyiş**	narration
ṭâbiyet*	tâbiyet	uyruk**	nationality
تحليل tahlil*	tahlil	inceleme	(laboratory) test (as in medicine)
تخمين tahmin*	tahmin	kestirim**	guess, prediction	From the root kes– "to cut."
تعقيب taʻkib*	takip	izlem**	follow-up	From the root izle– "to watch."
طلب ṭaleb*	talep	istek	request, demand, wish	From the root iste– "to demand, request."
طلبه ṭalebe	talebe	öğrenci	student (plural of طالب ṭâlib, "seeker" [of knowledge])	From the Old Turkic root igid– "to feed."
تعمیم tâmîm*	tâmîm	genelge	circular, notice	From the adjective genel "general."
تعمير taʻmîr*, تعديلات taʻdîlât*	tamir, tadilat	onarım	repair, renovation	From the root onar– "to repair."
طرف taraf*	taraf	yan	side
ترصدات tarassut*	tarassut	gözetleme	observation
تاريخ tarih*	tarih	günay**	date (in time)	The Arabic word tarih also means "history". The Turkish word günay (literally meaning "day-month") is rarely used.
تسلط tasallut	tasallut	sarkıntılık	(sexual) harassment	From the root sark– "to dangle from."
تصور tasavvur	tasavvur	canlandırma, tasarı	imagine
تصديق tasdîk*	tasdik	onay	approve
تصحيح tashîh	tashih	düzeltme	correction	From the adjective düz "even, flat."
تصوير tasvîr*	tasvir	betimleme	description
طياره tayyâre	tayyare	uçak	airplane	From the root uç– "to fly."
توصيه tavsiye*	tavsiye	salık	advice
تعادل teʻâdül	teadül	denklik	equivalence	From the adjective denk "equal."
تعامل teʻâmül	teamül	tepkime, davranış	reaction, behavior	From the root davran– "to behave."
تبسم tebessüm	tebessüm	gülümseme	smile	From the root gül– "to laugh."
تبديل tebdîl	tebdil	değişiklik	change	From the root değiş– "to change."
تبريك tebrîk*	tebrik	kutlama	congratulate	From the root kutla– "to celebrate."
تجربه tecbüre*	tecbüre	deney	experiment	From the root dene– "to try."
تجلى tecellî	tecelli	belirme	emerge, appear
تجسم tecessüm	tecessüm	görünme	appearance, manifestation	From the root gör– "to see."
تجربة tecrübe*	tecrübe	deneyim	experience	From the root dene– "to attempt."
تجهيزات techîzât*	teçhizat	donanım	equipment
تداوى tedavi*	tedavi	sağaltım**	therapy
تدبير tedbîr*	tedbir	önlem	precaution	From the root önle– "to prevent."
ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺴﺎﺕ tedrіsāt)*	tedrisat	öğretim	teaching
تأثر te'essür	teessür	üzüntü	agony	From the root üz– "to aggrieve."
تكامل tekâmül	tekamül	evrim, başkalaşım	maturation, metamorphosis, evolution
تقاعد tekaʻüd	tekaüt	emeklilik	retirement
تكفل tekeffül	tekeffül	yükümlenme	standing surety
تكليف teklîf*	teklif	öneri	proposal	From the root öner– "to propose."
تكرار tekrar*	tekrar	yine	again
تلاش telâş*	telaş	tasa, kaygı	worry
تَمْي۪يزْ temyiz*	temyiz	yargıtay		Borrowed from Chagatai.
تناسب tenâsüb	tenasüp	uyum	congruity	From the root uy– "to conform."
تنبيه tenbîh*	tembih	uyarı	warning	From the root uyar– "to warn."
ﺗﺮﻗّﻰ teraḳḳі*	terakki	ilerleme	progress
ترجمه tercüme*	tercüme	çeviri	translation
تردد terreddut*	tereddüt	duraksama	hesitancy	From the root dur– "to halt, stop."
ترتيب tertip*	tertip	düzen	order, tidiness	From the root düz– "to align."
تأثير tesir*	tesir	etki	effect	From the root et– "to do."
تسلى teselli*	teselli	avunma	console	From the root avun– "to console oneself."
تشخيص teşhis*	teşhis	tanı	diagnosis	From the root tanı– "to recognize."
تَشْك۪يلَاتْ teşkilat*	teşkilat	örgüt	organization	From the noun örgü "plait."
تشكيل teshkil	teşkil etmek	oluşturmak	to constitute
تشرين اول teşrîn-i evvel		ekim	October	From the root ek– "to harvest."
تشرين ثانی teşrîn-i sânî		kasım	November
تشويق teşvik *	teşvik	özendirme, kışkırtma	(providing) incentive, provocation
تدقيق tetkit*	tetkit	araştırma	research
تولد tevellüd*	tevellüd	doğum	birth	From the root doğ– "to be born."
تذكار tezkar*	tezkar	anılmaya değer	worth-mentioning	From the root an– "to call to mind."
تجارت ticaret*	ticaret	alımsatım	business
عنصر unsur*	unsur	öğe	constituent, element
عنوان unvan*	ünvan	san	(professional) title
اسلوب uslup*	üslup	biçem**	style
وعد vaʻd*	vaat	söz	promise (noun)
واقعه vakʻâ*	vaka	olay	event	From the root ol– "to happen."
وقور vakûr	vakur	ağır başlı	dignified	The Turkish expression literally means "heavy headed".
وصف vasf*	vasıf	nitelik	feature, quality
واسطه vasıta	vasıta	araç	vehicle
وسيع vâsi	vâsi	engin	vast
وطن vatan*	vatan	yurt	homeland
وظيفه vazîfe*	vazife	görev	task, mission
و ve*	ve	ile	and	From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."
وهم vehm	vehim	kuruntu	apprehension, fancy
ولاية vilâyet*	vilayet	il	province
تفسير tefsîr*	tefsir	yorum	interpretation, analysis, comment
ضبط dzabt*	zabıt	tutanak	minute of proceeding, trial	From the root tut– "to hold."
ضمير zamîr*	zamir	adıl**	pronoun	From the noun ad "noun."
زاويه zaviye	zaviye	açı	angle	From the root aç– "to open."
ﺫﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ẕі-ḳiymet)*	zikıymet	değerli	valuable

Débat pédagogique en Turquie

Le Conseil national turc de l'éducation, composé majoritairement de proches du président Recep Tayyip Erdoğan et de son gouvernement, exprime en décembre 2014 le souhait que l'apprentissage de l'alphabet ottoman, abandonné dans le cadre des réformes imposées par Kemal en 1928, devienne obligatoire dans les lycées religieux et optionnel dans les autres. Selon Erdoğan, qui soutient ce projet, l'abandon de l'alphabet ancien est comparable à une coupure de la « veine jugulaire » que représente pour les Turcs la compréhension de leur histoire et de leur civilisation. Il présente cette réforme envisagée comme un « retour aux racines turques » et affirme que l'ottoman ancien « sera enseigné quoi qu’en disent ses détracteurs ».

Ses critiques, en revanche, voient dans ce projet une tentative « d'islamisation » des lycées et de remise en question de la sécularisation et de la modernisation de la Turquie.

Références

• (de) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en allemand intitulé « Osmanische Sprache » (voir la liste des auteurs).

Bibliographie

• Nicolas Vatin, « De l'osmanli au turc de Turquie, les aventures d'une langue », Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, vol. 50, n^o 1,‎ 1988 (lire en ligne)

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