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===Chute des Han du Sud===
===Chute des Han du Sud===
A peine monté sur le trône, Jixing change son nom en {{Lien|langue=en|trad=Liu Chang (Southern Han)|fr=Liu Chang (Han du Sud)|texte=Liu Chang}}
A peine monté sur le trône, Jixing change son nom en {{Lien|langue=en|trad=Liu Chang (Southern Han)|fr=Liu Chang (Han du Sud)|texte=Liu Chang}}

He succeeded his father [[Liu Sheng (Southern Han)|Liu Sheng]] because he was the eldest son. He only left [[eunuchs]] in power in his court and mandated castration for anyone who he wanted to work for his court because he believed people with children could not be completely loyal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bfbcxM9uJm4C&pg=PA544&dq=Because+court+affairs+were+monopolized+by+Gong+Chengshu+and+cohort,+Liu+Chang+in+the+inner+palace+could+play+his+debauched+games+with+female+attendants,+including+a+Persian.+He+never+again+emerged+to+inquire+of+state+affairs#v=onepage&q=Because%20court%20affairs%20were%20monopolized%20by%20Gong%20Chengshu%20and%20cohort%2C%20Liu%20Chang%20in%20the%20inner%20palace%20could%20play%20his%20debauched%20games%20with%20female%20attendants%2C%20including%20a%20Persian.%20He%20never%20again%20emerged%20to%20inquire%20of%20state%20affairs&f=false|quote=Liu Chang, originally named Jixing, had been invested Prince of Wei. . .Because court affairs were monopolized by Gong Chengshu and cohort, Liu Chang in the inner palace could play his debauched games with female attendants, including a Persian. He never again emerged to inquire of state affairs|title=Historical records of the five dynasties|accessdate=January 4, 2012|year=2004|volume=|author1=Xiu Ouyang |author2=Richard L. Davis |edition=illustrated, annotated|location= |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=544|isbn=0-231-12826-6}}</ref> When Liu Chang became Emperor he was only a "mere youth".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miles |first1= Steven B. |last2= |first2= |date=June 2002 |title= Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou |journal= Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=46 |doi=10.2307/4126584 |publisher=Harvard-Yenching Institute|jstor= 4126584 }}</ref>
When Liu became Emperor, he was a teenage youth at only sixteen years old. During his reign, he spent most of his time having sexual intercourse with women, including [[Persia]]n women (波斯女子) who were prominent in his [[harem]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_2004_num_68_1_3830?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard&|title=Les Persans à l'extrémité orientale de la route maritime (IIe A.E. -XVIIe siècle)|author=Lombard-Salmon Claudine|year=2004|publisher=Archipel. Volume 68|location=|page=40|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4ixuAAAAMAAJ&q=Les+chroniques+52+gardent+le+souvenir+d'une+dame+persane+qui+%C3%A9tait+dans+le+harem+du+quatri%C3%A8me+et+dernier+souverain,+Liu+Chang+glJH+(959-971).+Les+d%C3%A9buts+du+commerce+international+sur+le+territoire+des+souverains+de+l'%C3%89tat+de+...&dq=Les+chroniques+52+gardent+le+souvenir+d'une+dame+persane+qui+%C3%A9tait+dans+le+harem+du+quatri%C3%A8me+et+dernier+souverain,+Liu+Chang+glJH+(959-971).+Les+d%C3%A9buts+du+commerce+international+sur+le+territoire+des+souverains+de+l'%C3%89tat+de+...|title=Archipel, Issues 67-68|author=Société pour l'étude et la connaissance du monde insulindien, Association Archipel, Centre de documentatio et de recherches sur l'Asie du Sud-Est et le monde indonésien, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France), Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, École des hautes études en sciences sociales|year=2004|publisher=SECMI.|location=|page=40|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schafer |first=Edward Hetzel |date=1967 |title=The Vermilion Bird |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yaeESYegRXMC&pg=PA187#v=onepage&q&f=false |location= |publisher=University of California Press |page=187 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> The harem of Liu Chang having Persian girls is seen as evidence for a Persian community in China during this time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miles |first1= Steven B. |last2= |first2= |date=June 2002 |title= Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou |journal= Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=48 |doi=10.2307/4126584 |publisher=Harvard-Yenching Institute |access-date= |jstor= 4126584 }}</ref><ref>Steven B. Miles. “Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 62, no. 1, 2002, pp. 39–75. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4126584.</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schafer Jr. |first=Edward Hetzel |date=1947 |title=The Reign of Liu Ch'ang, Last Emperor of Southern Han: A Critical Translation of the Text of Wu Tai Shih, with Special Inquiries Into Relevant Phases of Contemporary Chinese Civilization |type=Ph.D. diss. |chapter= |publisher=University of California |edition=reprint |docket= |oclc= |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Reign_of_Liu_Ch_ang_Last_Emperor_of.html?id=2fSanQEACAAJ |id= ([https://books.google.com/books?id=2fSanQEACAAJ&dq=The+Reign+of+Liu+Ch%27ang,+Last+Emperor+of+Southern+Han;+A+Critical+Translation+of+the+Text+of+Wu+Tai+shih,+with+Special+Inquiries+into+Relevant+Phases+of+Contemporary+Chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjm5uO5MHaAhUSuVkKHYMBCk4Q6AEIJzAA section link]) |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= University of California, Berkeley |date=1951 |title= University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Volumes 11-12 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=zucsAQAAIAAJ&q=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman |location= |publisher= University of California Press |page=407 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.todayonhistory.com/people/201708/28199.html |id= (link: [http://www.todayonhistory.com/people/201708/28198.html other page]) |title=南汉刘鋹波斯女刘鋹的后妃子女 |last= |first= |date= |website=人物_历史上的今天 |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://m.qulishi.com/news/201504/33019.html |title=重口味的皇帝南汉后主刘鋹竟喜爱黑胖女人 |last= |first= |date=2015-04-15 |website=趣历史 |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> His most favourite Persian was one young girl he nicknamed "beautiful sow" or "Seductive Pig" (媚猪) (Mei Zhu or Mei Chu).<ref>{{cite book|accessdate=January 4, 2012|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vpQdAQAAMAAJ&dq=5%29+Ch%27ang+was+particularly+fond+of+a+Persian+girl+whom+he+styled+%22+Seductive+Pig+%22.+Like+his+uncle+Pin%2C+Ch%27ang+enjoyed+naked+revels+%3B+see+CIL+a.7b+for+a+description+of+his+%22Great+Body+Pairing%22+game.+For+more+on+Persians+in+Canton%2C+see+my+%22Iranian+Merchants+in+T%27ang+Dynasty+Tales+%22%2C+Semitic+and+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+California+Publications+in+Semitic+Philology%2C+XI.+403-422+%281951%29.&q=girl+seductive+pig|quote=5) Ch'ang was particularly fond of a Persian girl whom he styled " Seductive Pig ". Like his uncle Pin, Ch'ang enjoyed naked revels ; see CIL a.7b for a description of his "Great Body Pairing" game. For more on Persians in Canton, see my "Iranian Merchants in T'ang Dynasty Tales ", Semitic and Oriental Studies, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, XI. 403-422 (1951).|title=Journal of Oriental studies, Volume 25, Issue 1|year=1954|volume=|author=東方文化學院 (Tokyo, Japan). 京都硏究所, 東方文化硏究所 (Kyoto, Japan), 京都大學. 人文科學硏究所|edition=|location= |publisher=東方文化學院京都硏究所|page=364|isbn=}}</ref> Liu doted on this young Persian woman,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IZ_WAAAAMAAJ&dq=liu+chang+in+his+harem+a+young+Persian+woman%2C+whom+he+doted&q=liu+chang+had+in+his+harem+a+young+Persian+woman%2C+whom+he+doted|title=Memoirs of the Research Department, Issue 2|author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|year=|publisher=|location=Pennsylvania State University|page=34|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rBIUAQAAMAAJ&dq=a+young+Persian+woman%2C+whom+he+doted+upon+so+much&q=persian+woman|title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issue 2|author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu|year=1928|publisher=The Toyo Bunko|location=the University of Michigan|page=34|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=February 9, 2011}}</ref> who was also reportedly sixteen years old. The Persian girl was called a "princess".<ref>[http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401055.pdf HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES A lecture delivered on 18trh November 1963 by K. M. A. Barnett]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401055.pdf|title=HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES|last=BARNETT|first=K. M. A.|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch|date=18 November 1963|issn=1991-7295|page=58|accessdate=2010-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1= K. M. A. |last2= |first2= |date=1964 |title= HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE: THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES: A lecture delivered on 18th November 1963 |journal= Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=4 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch|issue= |pages=58 |doi= |access-date= |jstor= 23891884 }}</ref><ref>Barnett, K. M. A. “HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE: THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES: A Lecture Delivered on 18th November 1963.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 4, 1964, pp. 42–67. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23891884.</ref> The Persian girl had olive skin color.<ref>{{cite book |last=Darrobers |first=Roger |date=1998 |title= Opéra de Pékin: théâtre et société à la fin de l'Empire sino-mandchou |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oQZlAAAAMAAJ&q=Liu+Ch%27ang+persane+peau&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+persane+peau |location= |publisher=Bleu de Chine |page=31 |isbn=2910884198 |author-link= }}</ref> Historical records show that Liu Chang spent so much time on the Persian woman engaging in sex games with her that he abandoned government affairs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ouyang |first=Xiu |others=Richard L. Davis |series=Translations from the Asian classics|date=2004 |title=Historical Records of the Five Dynasties |url= https://books.google.com/?id=CMkzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA544&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman#v=onepage&q=Liu%20Ch'ang%20Persian%20woman&f=false|location= |publisher= Columbia University Press |edition=illustrated, reprint, annotated |page=544 |isbn=0231128274 |author-link= }}</ref><ref>Xiu, Ouyang, and Richard L. Davis. “Hereditary House of Southern Han” Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, Columbia University Press, 2004, pp. 535–547. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/davi12826.53.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu|date=1928 |volume=Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project |series=Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B |title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=rBIUAQAAMAAJ&q=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman |location= |publisher=Toyo Bunko |page=34 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan) |title=Memoirs of the Research Department |series=Tokyo Bunko publications |url=https://books.google.com/?id=IZ_WAAAAMAAJ&q=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman |location= |publisher= |page=34 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society |date=1890 |title=Journal of the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society |url=https://books.google.com/?id=LWxEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA299&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+women#v=onepage&q=Liu%20Ch'ang%20Persian%20women&f=false |location= |publisher=The Society |page=299 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> He used pearls and silver to renovate his palaces besides being in his harem cavorting with Persian girls and not attending to governance since he left that to the eunuchs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Franke |first=Herbert |date=1976 |title=Sung Biographies, Part 2|volume=|series=Münchener ostasiatische Studien, vBd. 16 vBd. 16-17 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=MZQKAQAAIAAJ&dq=But+Liu+was+free+to+spend+his+days+with+the+Persian+girls+in+his+harem%2C+and+to+oversee+the+decoration+of+his+splendid+new+palaces&q=Persian+harem |location= |publisher= Steiner |page=620 |isbn=3515024123 |author-link= }}</ref> Liu Chang "cavorted lasciviously in the Rear Palace." with his Persian lover. It was written "she could enjoy herself watching them" when she was carried to see the palace women have sex naked with young "hooligans" after he "had everyone strip naked and join in pairs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McMahon |first1=KEITH |last2= |first2= |date=November 2013 |title= The Institution of Polygamy in the Chinese Imperial Palace |id= (link: [https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/12502/McMahon_polygamy.pdf;sequence=3 kuscholarworks.ku.edu] |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=928 |doi= |access-date= |jstor=43553235 }}</ref><ref>McMAHON, KEITH. “The Institution of Polygamy in the Chinese Imperial Palace.” The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 72, no. 4, 2013, pp. 917–936. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43553235.</ref> His "orgiastic" sex games with the Persian were fueled by aphrodisiacs he consumed to help him endure the sex games in which he carelessly indulged and he also started a practice called 大體雙 "Naked in Twos" in which his Persian concubine was carried to watch naked palace maids and naked "young hooligans" have sex.<ref>{{cite book |last=McMahon |first=Keith |date=2013 |title=Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao |url=https://books.google.com/?id=gc_3IXkwG3QC&pg=PA251&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman#v=onepage&q=Liu%20Ch'ang%20Persian%20woman&f=false |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=251 |isbn= 1442222905 |author-link= }}</ref> The naked orgies he held were like what his uncle [[Liu Bin (Southern Han)|Liu Bin]] held. He never came to managed government business since he stayed in the rear palace with Persian girls and his palace women and Kong Chengshu took over government business.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=東方文化硏究所 (Kyoto, Japan), 京都大学. 人文科学硏究所|date=1954 |title=Journal of Oriental studies, Volume 25, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=vpQdAQAAMAAJ&dq=When+there+was+any+of+his+Congregation+of+Vassals+who+desired+government+employment%2C+each+was+castrated+%E2%80%94+and+only+then+was+he+employed.+When+Ch%27eng-shu+and+the+others+took+autocratic+control+of+the+regime%2C+Ch%27ang+played+wantonly+with+palace+maidservants%2C+Persian+girls+and+such+like+in+the+%22+rear+palace+and+did+not+come+forth+again+to+attend+to+affairs.5%27+Furthermore%2C+Yen-shou+brought+in+the+female+shaman+...+5%29+Ch%27ang+was+particularly+fond+of+a+Persian+girl+whom+he+styled+%22+Seductive+Pig+%22.+Like+his+uncle+Pin%2C+Ch%27ang+enjoyed+naked+revels+%3B+see+CIL+a.7b+for+a+description+of+his+%22Great+Body+Pairing%22+game.+For+more+on+Persians+in+Canton%2C+see+my+%22Iranian+Merchants+in+T%27ang+Dynasty+Tales%22%2C+Semitic+and+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+California+Publications+in+Semitic+Philology%2C+XI.+403-422+%281951%29.+nebulosity%2C+sat+within+the+canopy+and+promulgated+misfortune+and+fortune.+364+EDWARD+H.&q=Persian+rear |location= |publisher=東方文化學院京都硏究所 |page=364 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> Liu gave himself the title "Xiao xian daifu" 蕭閒大夫 <ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date=1860 |title=Lingnan cong shu, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=byRjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT102&lpg=PT102&dq=%E8%95%AD%E9%96%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB#v=onepage&q=%E8%95%AD%E9%96%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB&f=false |location= |publisher=Yang zhuo shan fang |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date=1875 |title=清異錄: 2卷 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4OIpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR2-IA3&lpg=PR2-IA3&dq=%E8%95%AD%E9%96%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB#v=onepage&q=%E8%95%AD%E9%96%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB&f=false |location= |publisher=陳氏庸閒齋 |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=蔡 |first=東藩 |date=2015 |title=五代通俗演義: 蔡東藩歷史演義-五代 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=XJwkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT359&lpg=PT359&dq=%E8%95%AD%E9%96%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB#v=onepage&q=%E8%95%AD%E9%96%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB&f=false |location= |publisher=谷月社 |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2017-08-04 |title=皇帝说想做官要先阉了 结果他开创了太监之国 |url=http://m.qulishi.com/news/201708/239766.html |work=趣历史网 |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_62df4ec10102x187.html?tj=1 |title=“南汉后主”刘鋹荒淫可笑？ |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> Liu had sex with the Persian all day and night and his body was physically unable to bear it but his mind was burning with lust for sex, so he turned to people to help him learn jianyang techniques (健阳法) to invigorate his "yang" male energy (jianyang involves increasing men's physical sexual desire and delaying ejaculation and delaying orgasm) so he could manage having sex with her.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=官场怪圈定律 |chapter=文人误会：宋真宗写错了一个字（5）|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226013807/http://book.ifeng.com/lianzai/detail_2009_11/24/293213_56.shtml |website=凤凰网|location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=情史 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%83%85%E5%8F%B2 |quote=大体双 　　刘𬬮得波斯女，年破瓜。丰腯而慧艳，善淫，曲尽其妙。𬬮嬖之，赐号媚猪。延方士求健阳法，久乃得，多多益办。好观人交，选恶少年，配以雏宫人，皆妖俊美健者，就后园，褫衣使露而偶。𬬮扶媚猪巡行览玩，号曰“大体双”。又择新采异，与媚猪对。鸟兽见之熟，亦作合。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref>

The historical text "[[Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms]]," attributes the reason for Liu Chang losing his kingdom to his aphrodisiac fueled sex games with the Persian woman who the text described as beautiful and his favorite. It said he indulged in his desires with her with no limits and had alchemists create aphrodisiacs to induce sexual desire for his sex games with her and had young men paired with palace women, made them strip naked and had sex together in pairs while he had his Persian lover carried around to watch them. It said that her original name is unknown and lost to history but she was nicknamed Mèi Zhū (媚豬, "beautiful pig").<ref>{{cite book |last=吳 |first=任臣 |date= |title=十國春秋 |trans-title=[[Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms]]|volume=六十一 61 |url= https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7061 |id= (link: [https://archive.org/stream/06072245.cn#page/n90/mode/2up stream/06072245.cn]) |quote=　　美人李氏亦托養女後主既立托長女為貴妃復以其次女充美人之職一時竝寵宫中稱極盛焉又同時有宫人素馨以殊色進性喜揷白花遂名其花曰素馨花波斯女失其名氏黒腯而慧光艷絶人性善淫後主甚嬖之賜名媚豬後主荒縱無度益求方士媚藥為淫䙝之戲又選惡少年配以宫婢使褫衣露偶扶波斯女循覽為樂號曰大體雙卒以此亡國 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> The [[Historical Records of the Five Dynasties]] says that Liu Chang spent all his time with the Persian girl engaging in lewd sex games in the harem that he never came out again to handle administrative government work.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ouyang |first=Xiu |author= [[Ouyang Xiu]]|date=1073 |trans-title==[[Historical Records of the Five Dynasties]] |title=新五代史 |volume=卷六十五　南漢世家第五: 劉隱 卷65 Chapter 65: Hereditary House of Southern Han |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B765 |id= (links: [http://www.zggdwx.com/xinwudaishi/66.html Zggdwx.com/Xinwudaishi], [http://www.guoxue123.com/shibu/0101/00xwds/064.htm Guoxue123.com/Shibu]) |quote=澄樞等既專政，鋹乃與宮婢波斯女等淫戲後宮，不復出省事。 鋹，初名继兴，封卫王。晟卒，以长子立，改元曰大宝。晟性刚忌，不能任臣下，而独任其嬖倖宦官、宫婢延遇、琼仙等。至鋹尤愚，以谓群臣皆自有家室，顾子孙，不能尽忠，惟宦者亲近可任，遂委其政于宦者龚澄枢、陈延寿等，至其群臣有欲用者，皆阉然后用。澄枢等既专政，鋹乃与宫婢波斯女等淫戏后宫，不复出省事。延寿又引女巫樊胡子，自言玉皇降胡子身。鋹于内殿设帐幄，陈宝贝，胡子冠远游冠，衣紫霞裾，坐帐中宣祸福，呼鋹为太子皇帝，国事皆决于胡子，卢琼仙、龚澄枢等争附之。胡子乃为鋹言：“澄枢等皆上天使来辅太子，有罪不可问。”尚书左丞钟允章参政事，深嫉之，数请诛宦官，宦官皆仄目。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> The "Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" history described the Persian woman as having copper colored skin and large eyes. She was from the western regions and never saw the ocean before until she came to Southern Han which was by the ocean. She found out that pearls came from the ocean and she loved pearls so Liu Chang (Liu Jixing) ordered fishermen to dive to find thousands of pearls to give to her and rewarded them if they found pearls but those who didn't find pearls drowned. It is not known how many fishermen died for Liu to give his Persian lover thousands of pearls. He gave her a pearl [[dudou]], pearl crowns, pearl blouses, and pearl skirts and Liu Chang gave her the nickname Mèi Zhū 媚珠 which meant "beautiful pearl" however the common people hated them and changed it derogatorily to Mèi Zhū 媚猪 which meant "beautiful pig".<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |trans-title=Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms |title=五代十国 |volume=第 九十 回：刘继兴失道宠媚猪 林仁肇蒙冤饮鸩毒 90 |url=http://www.quanxue.cn/ls_wudai/ShiGuo/ShiGuo91.html |quote= 南汉皇帝名叫刘继兴，从小就和太监玩乐，长大后让这群太监教出一身恶习。刘继兴有三大古怪的嗜好，迷信巫术，好养猛兽，喜欢肥胖女子。尤其是喜好肥胖女子，刘继兴宫里有一个从西域贩卖来的波斯女子，不仅身材肥胖，而且长了一双大眼睛，熟铜色的皮肤，身材丰硕有形，竟使刘继兴迷的神魂颠倒。 这个波斯女子自幼长在西域，从没见过大海。南汉的地处两广，海水是想怎么看就怎看。后来得知海水中能产珍珠，这个波斯女子是不爱金银爱珍珠，刘继兴便令渔民潜下七百尺的海水中捞珍珠，捞出珍珠重重有赏，捞不出珍珠就别想活着上岸。也不知淹死了多少无辜的打渔百姓，为这个波斯女子献上了数千颗珍珠。 刘继兴这个昏君为这个波斯女子作了珍珠裙、珍珠衫、珍珠冠、珍珠肚兜儿，并为这个波斯女子起了名字叫“媚珠”。这些事惹得民愤迭起，老百姓就把“媚珠”改叫“媚猪”。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> Graphic descriptions of what the Persian woman and Liu Chang did together sexually was recorded in Tao Gu's [[w:zh:陶谷|陶谷]] Qingyilu [[w:zh:清異錄|清異錄]] but "Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko" refused to quote it, saying it was forbidden by "decency".<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu |date= 1928 |title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2
|volume=Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project |series=Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B |url=https://books.google.com/?id=rBIUAQAAMAAJ&q=In+the+Ch%27ing-i-lu+m+%C2%BB%C2%BB(ed.+of+ttl%26fFSSO+attributed+to+T%27AO+Ku+ft+ft+towards+the+beginning+of+the+North+Sung+era,+we+have+a+minute+description+of+Liu+Chang%27s+licentious+conduct+with+the+Po-ssu+woman,+but+decency+would+forbid+as+to+give+quotations+from+the+book.&dq=In+the+Ch%27ing-i-lu+m+%C2%BB%C2%BB(ed.+of+ttl%26fFSSO+attributed+to+T%27AO+Ku+ft+ft+towards+the+beginning+of+the+North+Sung+era,+we+have+a+minute+description+of+Liu+Chang%27s+licentious+conduct+with+the+Po-ssu+woman,+but+decency+would+forbid+as+to+give+quotations+from+the+book. |location= |publisher=Toyo Bunko |page=55 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> The Qingyilu gave the Persian girl's age at 16 years old, that she was extremely beautiful, and extremely lascivious and lewd. Liu Chang favored her and he sought alchemists to help invigorate and prolong his male energy "jianyang" (to increase sex drive, delay ejaculation and orgasm) so he could endure and last longer with her.<ref>{{cite book |last=陶 Tao |first=谷 Gu |date= |title=清異録 |url= https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%95%B0%E9%8C%84/%E5%90%9B%E9%81%93%E9%96%80#%E5%A4%A7%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%99 |id= (link: [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%95%B0%E9%8C%B2_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%8A#%E5%A4%A7%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%99 other page]) |volume=君道門（十二事）大體雙| quote=劉鋹昏縱角出，得波斯女，年破瓜，黑腯而慧艷，善淫，曲盡其妙。鋹嬖之，賜號“媚豬”。延方士求健陽法，久乃得，多多益辦。好觀人交，選惡少年配以雛宫人，皆妖俊美健者，就後禠衣，使露而偶，鋹扶媚豬延行覽玩，號曰“大體雙”。又擇新採異，與媚豬對，鳥獸見之熟，亦作合。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=説郛 (四庫全書本) |volume=卷120上 |url= https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AA%AC%E9%83%9B_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7120%E4%B8%8A |quote=劉鋹昏縱角出得波斯女年破瓜黑腯而慧艶善淫曲盡其妙 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=馮 |first=夢龍 |date=明 |title=古今譚槩 |volume=08 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E8%AD%9A%E6%A7%A9/08#%E5%AA%9A%E8%B1%AC |quote=南漢主劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧豔。鋹嬖之，賜號「媚豬」。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=張|first=廷華 |date=1909 |title=香艷叢書 |chapter=7 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%89%B7%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8/7 |quote=新署宮銜作候窗，只應獨夜守明釭。妖淫羞煞波斯女，裸逐相看大體雙。〖《清異錄》：南漢劉晟，殿側置宮人，望明窗以候曉。宮人謂之候窗監。又：劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧艷，善淫。鋹嬖之，賜號“媚豬”。又選惡少年，配以雛宮人，使褫衣露偶。鋹扶媚豬延行玩覽，號曰“大體雙”。〗 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=馮 |first=夢龍 |date=明 |title=情史類略 |chapter=17 第十七卷　情穢類 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%8F%B2%E9%A1%9E%E7%95%A5/17#%E5%A4%A7%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%99 |quote=　　劉鋹得波斯女，年破瓜，豐腯而慧豔，善淫，曲盡其妙。鋹嬖之，賜號「媚豬」。延方士求健陽法，久乃得，多多益辦。好觀人交，選惡少年，配以雛宮人，皆妖俊美健者，就後園褫衣使露而偶。鋹扶媚豬巡行覽玩，號曰「大體雙」。又擇新採異，與媚豬對。鳥獸見之熟，亦作合。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=疑耀 (四庫全書本) |id= "卷3" |url= https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%96%91%E8%80%80_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B73 |quote=南漢主劉鋹得波斯女黒腯而慧 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=説郛 (四庫全書本) |chapter=全覽8 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AA%AC%E9%83%9B_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%85%A8%E8%A6%BD8 |quote=劉鋹昏縱角出得波斯女年破瓜黑腯而慧艶善淫曲盡其妙鋹嬖之賜號媚猪|location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> The [[History of Song]] says that Liu played with the palace maids and the Persian woman.<ref>{{cite book |last=陳 |first=邦瞻　|date=1658 |title=宋史紀事本末 |volume=卷05 平南漢 |url= https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2%E7%B4%80%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB/%E5%8D%B705 |quote=時，南漢主劉鋹性昏懦，委政宦者龔澄樞及才人盧瓊仙。鋹日與宮人波斯女等遊戲宮中，宦者至七千餘，有爲三師、三公者。宦者陳延壽謂鋹曰：「先帝所以得傳位於陛下者，由盡殺羣弟故也。」勸鋹除去諸王。鋹以爲然，遂殺其弟桂王璿興，由是上下怨而紀綱大壞。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=脫脫 |date=1343 |trans-title= [[History of Song]] |title=宋史 |volume=卷481 ◎世家四○南漢劉氏 |url= https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7481 |quote=鋹日與宮人、波斯女等遊戲。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=宋史 (四庫全書本) |volume=卷481 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7481 |quote=鋹日與宮人波斯女等游戲 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=宋史紀事本末 |volume=(四庫全書本)/卷01|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2%E7%B4%80%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B701 |quote=鋹日與宫人波斯女等游戲|location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=宋史 (四庫全書本) |volume=全覽16|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%85%A8%E8%A6%BD16 |quote=鋹日與宮人波斯女等游戲|location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://davidlai1988.wordpress.com/2017/12/21/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%BD%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%A4%E5%92%8C%E9%AC%A5%E9%9B%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%9B/ |title=愛好性交和鬥雞的亡國之君 |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> Two poems were written on the account Qingyilu provided of Liu Chang and the Persian woman.<ref>{{cite book |last= 張|first=廷華 |date= 1909|title= 香艷叢書|volume=7 十國宮詞　清　秀水孟彬賦魚　撰|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%89%B7%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8/7 |quote=新署宮銜作候窗，只應獨夜守明釭。妖淫羞煞波斯女，裸逐相看大體雙。 　　〖《清異錄》：南漢劉晟，殿側置宮人，望明窗以候曉。宮人謂之候窗監。又：劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧艷，善淫。鋹嬖之，賜號“媚豬”。又選惡少年，配以雛宮人，使褫衣露偶。鋹扶媚豬延行玩覽，號曰“大體雙”。〗 　私署宮司慣候窗，銀壺靜報漏琤瑽。何來絕慧波斯女，別戀春場大體雙。 　　〖《清異錄》：南漢劉晟，殿側置宮人，望明窗以候曉。宮人謂之“候窗監”。又：劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧絕，善淫，鋹賜號“媚豬”。延方士求健陽法，選惡少配以雛宮人，使褫衣露偶，鋹與媚豬延行覽玩，號曰“大體雙”。〗 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> The Yanyibian gives the same account as the Qingyilu. They mention a window installed in the hall of his palace called "hou chuang jian" 候窗監.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=息庵居士|date=明 |title= 豔異編|volume=13|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B1%94%E7%95%B0%E7%B7%A8/13#%E5%A4%A7%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%99 |quote=大體雙 　　劉昏縱角出，得波斯女，年破瓜，豐鷂而慧豔，善淫，曲盡其妙。嬖之，賜號「媚豬」。延方士求健陽法，久乃得，多多益辦。好觀人交，選惡少年配以雛宮人，皆妖俊美健者，就後園褫衣，使露而偶。扶媚豬巡行覽玩，號曰：「大體雙」，又擇新彩異與媚豬對。鳥獸見之，孰亦作合。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=清異録 (四庫全書本)|volume=卷上|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%95%B0%E9%8C%B2_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%8A#%E5%A4%A7%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%99 |quote=大體雙 　　劉鋹昏縱角出得波斯女年破𤓰黑腯而慧艷善淫曲盡其妙鋹嬖之賜號媚猪延方士求健陽法乆乃得多多益辦好觀人交選惡少年配以雛宫人皆妖俊美健者就後園禠衣使露而偶鋹扶媚猪延行覽玩號曰大體雙又擇新採異與媚猪對鳥獸見之熟亦作合|location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= 陶　|first=穀 |date=宋 |title= 清異錄|volume=君道門 候窗監|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%95%B0%E9%8C%84/%E5%90%9B%E9%81%93%E9%96%80#%E5%80%99%E7%AA%97%E7%9B%A3 |quote=候窗監 南漢劉晟，殿側置宫人望明窻以候曉，宫人謂之“候窗監”。 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=清異錄|chapter=君道門 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E6%B8%85%E7%95%B0%E9%8C%84/%E5%90%9B%E9%81%93%E9%96%80#%E5%80%99%E7%AA%97%E7%9B%A3|location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> He indulged himself with her.<ref>（清）吴兰修撰，王甫校注：《南汉纪》征引《清异录》，广东高等教育出版社，1993年，第67页。“刘鋹昏纵，得波斯女，年破瓜，黑腯而慧艳”</ref>

Later writers of books like "The mystery of the Private life of the Chinese imperial palace"<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2009-01-07 |title=南汉亡国之君极度荒淫喜欢阉割能臣 |url=http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguogudaishi/detail_2009_01/07/328223_0.shtml |work=凤凰网 |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200901/0107_2663_957001.shtml |title=南汉亡国之君极度荒淫 喜欢阉割能臣 |last= |first= |date=2009-01-07 |website=凤凰网 |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |trans-title=The mystery of the private life of the Chinese imperial palace |title=中国帝王后宫私生活之谜全纪录 |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> and the "Song dynasty palace living quarters history" attempted to expand on the above historical records which mention factual details like Liu Chang's aphrodisiac fueled sexual activities with the Persian women and their habit of forcing young men to have sex with palace women in the "naked in twos" game by adding more pornographic details. The "Song dynasty palace living quarters history" said that Mei Zhu's sexual lewdness in bed caused Liu to be infatuated with her, that Mei Zhu's sexual techniques in bed were extremely skilled and difficult for Liu Chang to handle causing him to lose to her frequently. He was often defeated and overpowered by her in bed while having sexual intercourse. Liu had to seek alchemists to help him with techniques to reinvigorate his jianyang male energy and resist her while having sex and hold himself back. More details were elaborated on the game where Liu Chang chose young men to bring to the palace and paired them with palace women to strip naked and have sex with each other while Liu Chang and Mei Zhu watched and walked among them and recorded whether the man or woman won. The book said if the man won and defeated the woman, they were rewarded, but if the woman won and defeated the man, Liu and Mei Zhu had the man castrated and said that he was a useless waste.<ref>{{cite book |last=许 |first=慕羲 |date=民国 |trans-title=Song dynasty palace living quarters history |title=宋代宫闱史 |url= http://www.eywedu.com/yanshi/sdgws/029.htm |id= (link: [http://www.quanxue.cn/ls_song/GongWei/GongWei29.html Quanxue.cn]) |chapter= 第二十九回 霞裾云幄启巫风 斗虎抵象残民命 29 |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kknews.cc/history/kza4per.html |title= 南漢皇帝弄個波斯女封為媚豬，派個大將日夜祈禱請天兵天將，當了俘虜還 |last= |first= |date=2017-07-13 |website=每日頭條 |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_62df4ec10102x187.html?tj=2?tj=2 |title= “南汉后主”刘鋹荒淫可笑？ |last= |first= |date=2017-05-11 |website= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://yiming323_2002.mysinablog.com/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=1850294 |title= 南漢後主劉鋹 |last= |first= |date= 2015-09-09|website=|publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=蔡 |first=東藩 |date=2015 |title=宋史通俗演義: 蔡東藩歷史演義-宋朝 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=WxomCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT67&lpg=PT67&dq=%E7%BE%8E%E8%B1%AC+%E9%98%89+%E5%8A%89%E9%8B%B9;#v=onepage&q=%E7%BE%8E%E8%B1%AC%20%E9%98%89%20%E5%8A%89%E9%8B%B9%3B&f=false |location= |publisher=谷月社 |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2016-04-09 |title=南汉亡国之君刘鋹喜欢阉割能臣 |url=https://www.lszj.com/zhongguoshiji/30921.html |work=历史之家 |location= |access-date= }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-11-20 |title=中国第一个玩洋妞皇帝称她为“媚猪儿”(图) |url=http://www.wenxuecity.com/news/2015/11/20/4726426.html |work=文学城 |location= |access-date= }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= March 2016 |title=史上最神奇的皇帝—南汉刘鋹，官员全部自宫，爱妃叫“媚猪” |url=https://www.xuehua.us/2018/03/16/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E7%A5%9E%E5%A5%87%E7%9A%84%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D-%E5%8D%97%E6%B1%89%E5%88%98%E9%8B%B9%EF%BC%8C%E5%AE%98%E5%91%98%E5%85%A8%E9%83%A8%E8%87%AA%E5%AE%AB%EF%BC%8C%E7%88%B1/ |work=雪花新闻 |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://y.tt/52394300070en.html |title=Ten Ancient Chinese emperors quirks: Yuan emperor preference group sex |last= |first= |date=2015-04-06 |website=GoodChinaBrand.com |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestchinanews.com/History/6503.html |title=Legend: Mitsutomo south are ridiculous. Dynasty minister |last= |first= |date=2016-10-08 |website=Best China News |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> Persians of Hormuz and Siraf on the Persian Gulf are said to have dark skin and they were the ones who traveled to Tang dynasty and Song dynasty China.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu|date=1928 |volume=Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project|series=Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B |title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=rBIUAQAAMAAJ&dq=But+even+of+the+Persians%2C+those+who+dwell+on+the+coast+of+the+Persian+Gulf%2C+that+is+the+inhabitants+of++and+Hormuz+were+of+dark+colour&q=Hormuz|location= |publisher= Toyo Bunko |page=54|isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|date= |series=Tokyo Bunko publications|title=Memoirs of the Research Department |url=https://books.google.com/?id=IZ_WAAAAMAAJ&dq=But+even+of+the+Persians%2C+those+who+dwell+on+the+coast+of+the+Persian+Gulf%2C+that+is+the+inhabitants+of++and+Hormuz+were+of+dark+colour&q=Hormuz |location= |publisher= |page=54|isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=三 笼络蕃商：南汉朝廷与南海贸易 |url=https://tieba.baidu.com/p/145846910? |work= |location= |access-date= }}</ref>

Guangzhou (Canton) had a community which included Persian women in the 10th-12th centuries, found in Liu Chang's harem in the 10th century and in Song dynasty era Guangzhou in the 12th century the Persian women (波斯婦) there were observed wearing many earrings.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=University of California (1868-1952), University of California (System), University of California, Berkeley |date=1951 |title=University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Volumes 11-12 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=zucsAQAAIAAJ&q=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman |location= |publisher= University of California Press |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/154257011_523176 |title=唐朝境内的波斯人及其活动 |last= |first= |date=2017-07-03 |website=搜狐 |publisher= |access-date= |quote=广州波斯妇，绕耳皆穿穴带环，有二十余枚者。家家以篾为门，人食槟榔，唾地如血。}}</ref><ref>（南宋）庄绰：《鸡肋篇》卷中，中华书局，1983年，第53页。</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/qxws/yxws/yxzj/yx1/200906/t20090616_12882_4.htm |title=宋建三城商都繁盛 |last= |first= |date= |website=广州文史|publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gzsdfz.org.cn/was5/web/detail?record=2&channelid=21336&templet=gzhj_detail_temp1.jsp |title= 第三章广州海洋文明文物撷萃 |last=刘 |first=波 |date= |website=广州市地方志 |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bbs.wenxuecity.com/huyaobang/296706.html |title=鲜为人知唐代大惨案，黄巢攻占广州杀十二万外国商人 |last= |first= |date=2010-05-24 |website=胡耀邦： 鲜为人知唐代大惨案，黄巢攻占广州杀十二万外国商人 |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Chai 柴|first1=Lifang 丽芳|last2=Sun 孙 |first2=Enle 恩乐 |date=2010 |trans-title=The Comparison on the Traditional Costumes’ Stylesamong Three Sub-nations in Lingnan District |title= 岭南地区三大民系传统服饰风格之比较|url=http://file.scirp.org/pdf/20-1.228.pdf |series=Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Information Technology and Scientific Management |journal= Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Information Technology and Scientific Management |volume= |issue= |publisher=SciRes. Art Design College, Guangdong University of Technology 广东工业大学艺术设计学院，|location= Guangzhou, China 广州，中国，510090|pages= 853 |doi= |isbn=978-1-935068-40-2 |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2017-06-29 |title=唐朝境內的波斯人及其活動 |url=https://kknews.cc/history/lpbxr59.html |work=每日頭條 |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=朱 |first=英豪 |date= |title=标题：泉州——被遗忘的光明之城 |url=https://www.douban.com/group/topic/6628171/ |work= |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=贝 |first=苏尼 |date=2006-10-13 |title=伊斯蘭教東傳與黃巢“滅回”問題（修改補充版） |url=http://www.duping.net/XHC/show.php?bbs=11&post=639066 |work=独立评论 |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>伊斯蘭教東傳與黃巢“滅回”問題（修改補充版）</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=宋建三城商都繁盛 |url=http://www.da.gd.gov.cn/webwww/nychq/NeiRong.aspx?ID=14448 |work=广州文史网 |location= 省档案馆编研部摘编|access-date= }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum24h.com/tlm/filestorefg/a1/2016/08/15/02004c4f4f5011e662efbed852de6070.caj?ori_name=R38051_001_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%97%8F%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E8%80%B3%E9%A5%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E6%8E%A2%E5%BE%AE_%E7%83%AD%E5%A8%9C.%E4%B9%B0%E4%B9%B0%E6%8F%90.caj |quote=一、维吾尔族传统黄金耳饰的造型种类. 及制作工艺. 用黄金铸成的耳环、耳坠是维吾尔族. 妇女必备的首饰，仅为妇女所佩戴。向衍. 斌先生曾经写道：“维吾尔族妇女戴耳环. 源于何地值得深究。南宋初期庄季裕之《鸡. 肋编》云'广州波斯妇绕耳皆穿穴带环，. 有二十余枚者。'这说明穿耳戴环饰乃伊. 朗萨珊王朝时期盛行的 ...|title=新疆维吾尔族传统黄金耳饰艺术探微 |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>Kuwabara Jitsuzō [桑原騭藏] (1870–1931). 1928 and 1935. P’u Shou-keng 蒲寿庚. A Man of the Western Regions, Who was Superintendent of the Trading Ships’ Office in Ch’üan-chou 泉州 towards the End of the Sung Dynasty, together with a General Sketch of Trade of the Arabs in - 27 -China during the T’ang and Sung eras, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko, part I, 2 (1928), 1–79; Part 2, 7 (1935), 1–104.</ref> The Muslim women in Guangzhou were called either Persian women 波斯婦 or Pusaman 菩萨蛮 which may be from "Mussulman" or "Bussulman" which means Muslim in Persian.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2010年04月01日 |title=蕃坊里的回族先民 |url=http://minzu.people.com.cn/GB/165244/11280580.html |work=人民网-中国民族新闻 |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date=2005/04/10 |title=伊斯兰教传入中国的两个阶段 |url=http://sa.china-embassy.org/chn/zt/zt/t190857.htm |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu|date=1928 |volume=Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project|series=Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B |title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=rBIUAQAAMAAJ&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman&q=somewhat+corrupt |location= |publisher= Toyo Bunko |page=34 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|date= |series=Tokyo Bunko publications|title=Memoirs of the Research Department |url=https://books.google.com/?id=IZ_WAAAAMAAJ&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman&q=somewhat+corrupt |location= |publisher= |page=34 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jaschok |first=Maria |last2=Shui|first2=Jingjun |date=2000 |title=The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false |location= |publisher=Psychology Press |edition=illustrated |page=73 |isbn=0700713026 |author-link= }}</ref>

Liu Chang also employed women shamans.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Phi Theta (University of California, Berkeley), Oriental Languages Students Association (University of California, Berkeley)|date=1984 |title=Phi Theta Papers: Publication of the Honor Society in Oriental Languages of the University of California, Berkeley, Volume 16|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jSXtAAAAMAAJ&q=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman |location= |publisher=Phi Theta, Department of Oriental Languages, University of California|page=9 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> At the Glorious Florescence Park Liu Chang held the "Red Cloud Banquet", a festival for the [[litchi]] fruit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miles |first1= Steven B. |date= June 2002 |title= Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou |journal= Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=49 |doi= 10.2307/4126584 |publisher=Harvard-Yenching Institute |access-date= |jstor= 4126584 }}</ref>

He was the last Emperor of Southern Han, as his kingdom was defeated and taken over by the [[Song dynasty]] in 972. He reigned for a total of 14 years.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ttDBS8oFDYgC&pg=PA387&dq=liu+chang+sixteen#v=onepage&q=liu%20chang%2014%20years&f=false|title=Ancient glass research along the Silk Road|author1=Gan Fuxi |author2=Fuxi Gan |author3=Robert Brill |year=2009|publisher=World Scientific|location=|page=387|isbn=981-283-356-0|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref>

Schafer translated the history of the five dynasties on the Southern Han including on Liu Chang's reign.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schafer Jr. |first=Edward Hetzel |chapter=The history of the empire of Southern Han: According to chapter 65 of the Wu Tai Shih of Ouyang Hsiu|volume=Silver Jubilee Volume of the |title= Zinbun-kagaku-kenkyusho|date=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=QFtuAAAAMAAJ&q=the+history+of+the+empire+of+southern+silver+jubilee+volume+of+the&dq=the+history+of+the+empire+of+southern+silver+jubilee+volume+of+the |location=Kyoto |publisher=Kyoto University |pages=339–369 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date=1948 |title=Register - University of California, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=-P84AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA104&lpg=RA7-PA104&dq=edward+a+critical+translation+of+the+text+special+inquiries#v=onepage&q=edward%20a%20critical%20translation%20of%20the%20text%20special%20inquiries&f=false |location= |publisher=University of California Press
|page=104 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref>

In the same [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] another young Chinese Emperor [[Wang Zongyan]] who was only 20 years old when he ascended the throne, had a Persian woman as his concubine, [[Li Shunxian]]. He was known for indulging in sex with women.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Chinese Studies |date=2007 |title=China Review International, Volume 14 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=sJEy92Tb4HUC&dq=li+shu+wang+yan+poetry+persian&q=li+poetry+persian |location= |publisher= University of Hawaiʻi, Center for Chinese Studies and University of Hawaii Press |page=219 |isbn= |quote= While in the first years of the Former Shu many of the literati in Chengdu were aristocratic Émigrés who had fled from the upheavals in the Yellow River Valley (such as Wei Zhuang ## (836–910]), within a decade or two (if we can judge from the poets of the Huajian ji) there were both commoners (such as Yan Xuan soliń) and foreigners (such as Li Xun ##!, a poet from a Persian family that had moved to Shu before the fall of the Tang; Li's sister was one of Wang Yan's consorts and a ... }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |series=Lannan translations selection series |editor-last=Larsen |editor-first=Jeanne |date=2005 |title=Willow, wine, mirror, moon: women's poems from Tang China |url=https://books.google.com/?id=FCsRAAAAYAAJ&dq=li+shu+wang+yan+poetry+persian&q=li+poetry+persian |location= |publisher=BOA Editions |page=137 |isbn=1929918747 |author-link= Wang's capital was a haven for literati and artists in that difficult era. When his son Yan ascended to the throne, both women were promoted to ranks suiting the mothers of princes and wielded considerable power. They — and Wang Yan — were killed after Shu's conquest by a short-lived dynasty called the Later Tang. Li Xunxian (d. 926?), daughter of a Persian immigrant, had a reputation as a poet. She became a consort of Wang Yan, dissolute monarch of the state known as [the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=National Translation Center (USA)|date=1995 |title=Delos |url=https://books.google.com/?id=guRrAAAAIAAJ&dq=li+shu+wang+yan+poetry+persian&q=shu+wang+yan+poetry+persian |location= |publisher= |page=91 |isbn= |author-link=He joined the Li Bamboo-Hat Poetry Society in 1970, and later served as the editor of the magazine. Since the eighties, his creative works and critical essays show strong social, political, and cultural concerns. Li Xunxian (d. 926?), was the daughter of a Persian immigrant to the Sichuan basin in the Tang empire's southwest. Her elder brother, Li Xun, was also reputedly a fine poet. Li became a consort of Wang Yan, dissolute monarch of the short-lived "Former Shu" dynasty. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen 陳 |first1=Ming 明 |last2= |first2= |date=2007 |title=The Transmission of Foreign Medicine via the Silk Roads in Medieval China: A Case Study of Haiyao Bencao 海葯本草 |url= http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/157342008x307866?crawler=true |id= ([http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/docserver/1573420x/v3n2_splitsection5.pdf?expires=1523934778&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=2E6466F6AE6CC101AECAF66CEDCCF34A section link]) |journal= Asian Medicine |volume=3 |issue= 2 |publisher= Koninklijke Brill NV |location= Leiden |pages= 241–264|doi= 10.1163/157342008X307866 |issn= 1573-420X |via= E-ISSN 1573-4218 |access-date= }}</ref> During the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] (Wudai) (907–960), there are examples of Chinese emperors marrying Persian women. "In the times of Wudai (907–960) the emperors preferred to marry Persian women, and the Song dynasty official families liked to marry women from Dashi [Arabia]" was written by Chen Yuan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaschok |first=Maria |last2=Shui|first2=Jingjun |date=2000 |title=The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false |location= |publisher=Psychology Press |edition=illustrated |page=74 |isbn=0700713026 |author-link= }}</ref>









The Five Dynasties ended in 960 when the [[Song Dynasty]] was founded to replace the [[Later Zhou]]. From that point, the new Song rulers set themselves about to continue the reunification process set in motion by the Later Zhou. Through the 960s and 970s, the Song increased its influence in the south until finally it was able to force the Southern Han dynasty to submit to its rule in 971.
The Five Dynasties ended in 960 when the [[Song Dynasty]] was founded to replace the [[Later Zhou]]. From that point, the new Song rulers set themselves about to continue the reunification process set in motion by the Later Zhou. Through the 960s and 970s, the Song increased its influence in the south until finally it was able to force the Southern Han dynasty to submit to its rule in 971.

Version du 25 juin 2018 à 17:01

Han du Sud Modèle:Unicode chinois

Han du Sud
Nan Han 南漢

917–971

Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après
Carte de la chine au début de la période des cinq dynasties et des dix royaumes
Informations générales
Statut Monarchie
Capitale Xingwang
Langue(s) Chinois médiéval,
Religion Bouddhisme, Taoïsme, Confucianisme, Religion traditionnelle chinoise
Histoire et événements
917 Fondation du royaume par Liu Yan (en)
939 Le Protectorat d'Annam devient indépendant, les Han perdent le contrôle du nord de l'actuel viet-nam
971 Annexion des Han du Sud par la Dynastie Song
Empereur
917–941 Empereur Gaozu
941–943 Empereur Shangdi
943–958 Empereur Zhongzong
958–971 Empereur Houzhu

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Le royaume des Han du Sud (chinois simplifié : 南汉 ; chinois traditionnel : 南漢 ; pinyin : Nán Hàn ; Wade : Nan Han) (917–971), fait partie des dix royaumes ayant existé dans le sud de la Chines lors de la Période des Cinq Dynasties et des Dix Royaumes. Fondé en 917 sous le nom de Grand Yue (chinois : 大越), il est rebaptisé Han du Sud dés 918, lorsque Liu Yan, le fondateur du royaume, comme a prétendre étre un descendant des empereurs de la Dynastie Han.

Il est situé sur la côte sud de la Chine et son territoire s'étend sur les actuelles provinces du Guangdong et le Guangxi. La capitale du royaume se situe a Xingwang Fu (chinois traditionnel : 興王府,), ce qui correspond actuellement à la ville de Guangzhou, un ville qui connait un dévellopement considérable pendant cette période. Si, lors de la fondation du royaume, les Han du Sud contrôlent l'Annam, soit le nord du Viet-Nam actuel, ils en perdent le contrôle dés l'an 939, au profit de la Dynastie Ngô.

Histoire

Origines et fondation

Liu Yin (en)(劉隱) nait en 874 et se fait remarquer pour la premiére en 896, lorsqu'il piége et tue deux officiers du circuit de Qinghai, aprés avoir été informé que ces derniers voulaient tuer Li Zhirou, le Prince de Xue, qui venait d'étre nommé Jieduchi, soit gouverneur régional et officier militaire, dudit circuit[1]. Cet acte lui vaut d'étre nommé chef de l'armée de ce circuit[1]. En 905, il est à son tour nommé Jieduchi de Qinghai, par la cour des Tang[2]. Lorsque la dynastie Tang tombe en 907 et est remplacée par celle des Liang postérieurs, Liu Yin ne cherche pas à prendre son indépendance, malgrés la distance qui le sépare de la capitale, ce qui lui vaut de reçevoir le titre de Prince de Dapeng[3]. Par la suite, il devient le Jieduchi des circuit de Qinghai et Jinghai (靜海) en 908[3], puis reçoit les titres de Prince de Nanping en 909[3] et Prince de Nanhai en 910[4]. Il tombe malade en 911 et recommande à la Cour Impériale son frére Liu Yan (en) pour lui succéder[5]. Yin meurt le 4 avril 911 et, suivant ses recommandantion, la Cour valide la nommination de Liu Yan[5].

A peine arrivé au pouvoir, Liu Yan profite de la confusion qui régne dans le Zhou de Qian pour attaquer et annexer les Zhou de Shao, Rong et Gao, qui avait été conquis par les dirigeants de Qian[5]. Voyant que deux de leurs vassaux se combattent, les Liang envoyent immédiatement des emissaires pour rétablir la paix dans la région[5]. Yan répond en verssant un tribut composé d'or, d'argent, de cornes de rhinocéros, d'ivoire et autres bijoux et épices, mais garde le contrôle des trois Zhou[4]. Durant cette période, le chaos dans le nord de la chine est tel que beaucoup de membre de administration, de hauts-fonctionnaires, de nobles,... s'enfuient loin vers le Sud. Yuan essaye d'en inviter le plus possible dans son circuit et leur offre des postes dans son administration personelle[5].

Les choses changent à la fin de l'année 612, quanf l'empereur Taizu, le fondateur des Liang postérieurs, est assasiné par son fils Zhu Yougui[5]. Ce dernier est renversé par son frére Zhu Youzhen moins d'un an plus tard et se suicide[5]. Cette instabilité politique fait réfléchir Yuan, qui cesse de verser un tribu aux Liang en 915[6], avant de se proclamer empereur le 5 septembre 917[7].

Régne de Liu Yan

Dans un premier temps, Liu Yan se proclame empereur du "GrandYue" (chinois : 大越), puis organise un mariage entre sa niéce Liu Ha et le prince de Min[7][4].En 918, après avoir offert des sacrifices au ciel et à la terre et proclamé une amnistie générale, il changé le nom de son état de Yue à Grand Han (chinois : 大漢)[7]. Par la suite, son royaume sera connus sous le nom de "Han du Sud", pour le différencier de la dynastie homonyme. Ce nouveau nom vient du fait que son nom de famille Liu (chinois : 劉) est le même que celui que portaient les membres du clan impérial de la dynastie Han et que Yan prétend être un descendant de cette fameuse dynastie.

Aprés avoir élevé ses parents au rang d'empereur et impératrice douairiére a titre posthume, Liu Yan éléve sa femme, dame Ma, au rang d'impératrice en 919[7]. L'année suivante, il ouvre des école et instaure des examens impériaux pour recruter les fonctionnaires dont il a besoin[8]. Sur le plan diplomatique, en 920 il envois des émissaires a la Cour des Shu antérieur, dans l'espoir d'un rapprochement entre les deux royaumes[8]. En 922, l'entente avec le royaume de Min vole en éclat, lorsqu'un des généraux de ce royaume attaque le convois de Liu Yan, alors qu'il se trouve a la frontiére entre les deux royaumes[8]. Cette attaque échoue[8], tout comme la contre-attaque des Han du Sud, qui a lieu en 924[9]. En 928, c'est au tour du royaume de Chu d'attaquer les Han, cette fois-ci par la voie maritime; mais comme les troupes du royaume de Min avant eux, les soldats du Chu sont repoussé[10]. En 930, c'est au tour de Liu Yan d'attaquer, en envoyant ses généraux Liang Kezhen (梁克貞) et Li Shoufu (李守鄜) mater le clan Khúc, qui avait pris le contrôle du Zhou de Jinghai, soit la zone correspondant actuellement au nord du viet-nam[11]. Si cette expédition est couronnée de sucsés[11], la victoire des Han du Sud est de courte durée, car dés 931, ils doivent faire face à la révolte de Dương Đình Nghệ, qui les prive du contrôle de cette région et qu'ils n'arrivent pas à mater[11].

Pendant que la guerre fait rage au sud, la vie continue à la Cour des Han du Sud. Ainsi, en 932, Liu Yan éléve ses 19 fils au rang de Prince Impérial, sans pour autant désigner de Prince Héritier[12]. Deux ans plus, tard, en 934, l'impératrice Ma meurt[13]. En 936, Liu Yan lance une riposte tardive à l'encontre du royaume de Chu, en envoyant le général Sun Dewei (孫德威) attaquer les Zhou de Meng (蒙州) et Gui (桂州). Cette attaque tourne court lorsque Sun se replie aprés avoir appris l'arrivée d'une armée conduite par le prince héritier du Chu[14]. Trois ans plus tard, une opportunité semble se dessiner pour mettre fin au conflit dans le sud et récupérer le Jinghai. En effet, Dương est mort en 937, tué par un de ses généraux nommé Kieu Cong Tien. Ce meurtre ouvre un conflit de succession et Kieu tente de s'en tirer en demandant de l'aide aux Han. Ces derniers répondent immédiatement en envoyant une flotte, mais le temps que les troupes arrivent sur place, Kieu a été tué par son rival Ngô Quyền, qui inflige ensuite une cuisante défaite à l'armée chinoise lors de la Bataille du Bạch Đằng[15]. La flotte étant quasi détruite, les Han doivent se replier et abandonner définitivement la région[15].

En 939, suivant les conseils de son bras droit Zhao Guangyi, Liu Yan recommence à envoyer des émissaire au Chu, pour reprende les relations diplomatiques entre les deux royaumes[16]. Malgrés cela, la même année il envois également un émissaire à la cour des Jin postérieurs, qui sont alors les maitres du nord de la Chine, pour leur proposer une alliance militaire afin d'attaquer le Chu et de se partager ce royaume aprés la victoire[16]. L'empereur du Jin préfére décliner l'offre[16].

En 942, Liu Yan tombe sérieusement malade. Sentant sa fin venir, et aprés avoir hésité, il désigne Liu Hongdu, son fils ainé comme successeur. Yan meurt le 10 juin 942 et est enterré a un endroit qui est actuellement au sud du village de Beitang[17]. Hongdu devient le nouvel empereur des Han du Sud[18].

La tombe de Liu Yan a été retrouvée dans le sud du village de Beitang.1 Les Han du Sud ont répandu la sinisation dans les terres qu'ils gouvernaient.

Liu Yan's tomb was found to Beitang village's south. The Southern Han spread sinicization in the lands they ruled.[19]

Les Arabes appelaient les Han du Sud la monarchie de la "rose chinoise", parce que cette rose provient de Chine et que Guangzhou était connue comme étant une ville fleurie, car les Han du Sud plantaient beaucoup de roses[20].

Les successeurs

Une fois arrivé au pouvoir, Hongdu prend le nom de Liu Bin (en), donne à sa mére le titre d'impératrice douairiére et fait de son frére Liu Hongxi le responsable de l'administration du royaume[18]. Trés peu de temps aprés que Liu Bin soit monté sur le trône, une révolte paysanne dirigée par Zhang Yuxian éclate et s'empare de la quasi-totalité de l'est du pays[18]. Malgrés cette rebellion et l'incapacité de ses troupes à mater Zhang, Liu Bin se préocupe peu des affaires de l'état et préfére faire la fête, tout en se méfiant des autres membres de sa famille. Lassé de l'incompétence et de la suspicion permanente de son frére, Liu Hongxi planifie le meurtre de Bin. Ce dernier organise une féte au palais Changchun le 15 avril 943. Hongxi est présent et une fois Bin complétement saoul, il le fait raccompagner dans ses appartements par des complices, qui le battent à mort[18]. Le lendemain matin, Hongxi organise une mise en scéne durant laquelle ses fréres lui offrent le trône, qu'il accepte[18].

Une fois devenu empereur, Hongxi change de nom et prend celui de Liu Sheng (en), avant de faire de ses fréres cadets ses chancelliers. Cette entente fraternelle dure peu de temps et les querelles sanglantes qui éclatent entre les nouveaux chancelliers rendent rapidement Sheng suspicieux envers sa propre famille, et tout particuliérement envers Liu Hongchang, qui est extrément populaire[18]. Craignant qu'un de ses frére ne tente de le renverser, il prend les devant et en 944, il fait assassiner ses fréres Liu Hongchang et Liu Hongze, et en met un troisiéme, Liu Hongbi, en résidence surveillée[21]. En 945 et 946, il fait également exécuter les proches de Hongchang, Hongze et Hongbi[22]. Il ne s'arréte pas là et en 947, il fait exécuter presque tous ses fréres encore en vie, pour éviter qu'ils ne contestent le trône à ses fils le moment venu, avant de faires des filles des défunts ses concubines[23]. Entre deux assasinats, il réussit à mater la révolte de Zhang et reprend le contrôle de tout le royaumes.

Aprés avoir consolidé son pouvoir dans un bain de sang, Liu Sheng se troune vers la politique extérieure. En 948, il envois une mission dipomatique à la cour du Chu, afin d'organiser une alliance entre les deux états[24]. Ma Xiguang, l'empereur du Chu, refuse, ce qui rend Sheng fou de rage. Un peu plus tard la même année, il lance une attaque contre le Chu, qui lui permet d'annexer les Zhou de He (賀州) et Zhao (昭州)[24]. Durant les années qui suivent cette victoire, les eunuques profitent du vide laissé par le massacre de la plus grande partie du clan Liu pour s'insérer dans les rouages de l'état et devenir de plus en plus puissants[25].

En 951, le Chu, affaiblit par les luttes internes du clan Ma, est vaincu et annexé par les Tang du Sud. Cependant, certains membres du clan Ma gardent le contrôle de petites portions du territoire du royaumes. Liu Sheng en profite pour s'emparer du Zou de Meng (蒙州)[26], puis de toute la province du Jingjiang. Un peu plus tard, les Han s'emparent également du Zhou de Chen (郴州) aux dépends des Tang du Sud[26].

En 953, Sheng éléve ses cinq fils au rang de princes impériaux, sans pour autant désigner de prince héritier[27]. L'année suivante, suite à de nouvelles suspicions, il oblige Liu Hongmiao (劉弘邈), un de ses derniers fréres toujour en vie, à se suicider[27]. Enfin, en 955, il achéve le massacre de ses frére en faisant tuer Liu Hongzheng (劉弘政), qui était alors le dernier d'entre eux à étre encore en vie[28].

En 957, Liu Sheng, s'inquiéte des progrés militaires des Zhou postérieurs qui, aprés avoir pris le contrôle du nord de la Chine, sont en train de conquérir les Tang du Sud. Craignant que les Han du Sud soient la prochaine cible des Zhou, il envois plusieurs émissaires pour se faire reconnaire vassal de ces derniers; mais aucun n'arrive à destination. Effrayé, il met alors toute son énergie dans des préparatifs de défense contre une invasion et la construction d'une flotte. Cela ne dure qu'un temps et peu de temps après, il recommencé à boire et faire la fête, en déclarant: «Ce serait une chance pour moi que d'être épargné (par les Zhou postérieurs). Pourquois m'inquiéter pour les générations à venir[29]?"

Liu Sheng meurt en 958, et c'est son fils Liu Jixing qui lui succéde[30].

Chute des Han du Sud

A peine monté sur le trône, Jixing change son nom en Liu Chang (en)

He succeeded his father Liu Sheng because he was the eldest son. He only left eunuchs in power in his court and mandated castration for anyone who he wanted to work for his court because he believed people with children could not be completely loyal.[31] When Liu Chang became Emperor he was only a "mere youth".[32] When Liu became Emperor, he was a teenage youth at only sixteen years old. During his reign, he spent most of his time having sexual intercourse with women, including Persian women (波斯女子) who were prominent in his harem.[33][34][35] The harem of Liu Chang having Persian girls is seen as evidence for a Persian community in China during this time.[36][37][38][39][40][41] His most favourite Persian was one young girl he nicknamed "beautiful sow" or "Seductive Pig" (媚猪) (Mei Zhu or Mei Chu).[42] Liu doted on this young Persian woman,[43][44] who was also reportedly sixteen years old. The Persian girl was called a "princess".[45][46][47][48] The Persian girl had olive skin color.[49] Historical records show that Liu Chang spent so much time on the Persian woman engaging in sex games with her that he abandoned government affairs.[50][51][52] [53][54] He used pearls and silver to renovate his palaces besides being in his harem cavorting with Persian girls and not attending to governance since he left that to the eunuchs.[55] Liu Chang "cavorted lasciviously in the Rear Palace." with his Persian lover. It was written "she could enjoy herself watching them" when she was carried to see the palace women have sex naked with young "hooligans" after he "had everyone strip naked and join in pairs.[56][57] His "orgiastic" sex games with the Persian were fueled by aphrodisiacs he consumed to help him endure the sex games in which he carelessly indulged and he also started a practice called 大體雙 "Naked in Twos" in which his Persian concubine was carried to watch naked palace maids and naked "young hooligans" have sex.[58] The naked orgies he held were like what his uncle Liu Bin held. He never came to managed government business since he stayed in the rear palace with Persian girls and his palace women and Kong Chengshu took over government business.[59] Liu gave himself the title "Xiao xian daifu" 蕭閒大夫 [60][61][62][63][64] Liu had sex with the Persian all day and night and his body was physically unable to bear it but his mind was burning with lust for sex, so he turned to people to help him learn jianyang techniques (健阳法) to invigorate his "yang" male energy (jianyang involves increasing men's physical sexual desire and delaying ejaculation and delaying orgasm) so he could manage having sex with her.[65][66]

The historical text "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms," attributes the reason for Liu Chang losing his kingdom to his aphrodisiac fueled sex games with the Persian woman who the text described as beautiful and his favorite. It said he indulged in his desires with her with no limits and had alchemists create aphrodisiacs to induce sexual desire for his sex games with her and had young men paired with palace women, made them strip naked and had sex together in pairs while he had his Persian lover carried around to watch them. It said that her original name is unknown and lost to history but she was nicknamed Mèi Zhū (媚豬, "beautiful pig").[67] The Historical Records of the Five Dynasties says that Liu Chang spent all his time with the Persian girl engaging in lewd sex games in the harem that he never came out again to handle administrative government work.[68] The "Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" history described the Persian woman as having copper colored skin and large eyes. She was from the western regions and never saw the ocean before until she came to Southern Han which was by the ocean. She found out that pearls came from the ocean and she loved pearls so Liu Chang (Liu Jixing) ordered fishermen to dive to find thousands of pearls to give to her and rewarded them if they found pearls but those who didn't find pearls drowned. It is not known how many fishermen died for Liu to give his Persian lover thousands of pearls. He gave her a pearl dudou, pearl crowns, pearl blouses, and pearl skirts and Liu Chang gave her the nickname Mèi Zhū 媚珠 which meant "beautiful pearl" however the common people hated them and changed it derogatorily to Mèi Zhū 媚猪 which meant "beautiful pig".[69] Graphic descriptions of what the Persian woman and Liu Chang did together sexually was recorded in Tao Gu's 陶谷 Qingyilu 清異錄 but "Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko" refused to quote it, saying it was forbidden by "decency".[70] The Qingyilu gave the Persian girl's age at 16 years old, that she was extremely beautiful, and extremely lascivious and lewd. Liu Chang favored her and he sought alchemists to help invigorate and prolong his male energy "jianyang" (to increase sex drive, delay ejaculation and orgasm) so he could endure and last longer with her.[71][72][73][74][75][76][77] The History of Song says that Liu played with the palace maids and the Persian woman.[78][79][80][81][82][83] Two poems were written on the account Qingyilu provided of Liu Chang and the Persian woman.[84] The Yanyibian gives the same account as the Qingyilu. They mention a window installed in the hall of his palace called "hou chuang jian" 候窗監.[85][86][87][88] He indulged himself with her.[89]

Later writers of books like "The mystery of the Private life of the Chinese imperial palace"[90][91][92] and the "Song dynasty palace living quarters history" attempted to expand on the above historical records which mention factual details like Liu Chang's aphrodisiac fueled sexual activities with the Persian women and their habit of forcing young men to have sex with palace women in the "naked in twos" game by adding more pornographic details. The "Song dynasty palace living quarters history" said that Mei Zhu's sexual lewdness in bed caused Liu to be infatuated with her, that Mei Zhu's sexual techniques in bed were extremely skilled and difficult for Liu Chang to handle causing him to lose to her frequently. He was often defeated and overpowered by her in bed while having sexual intercourse. Liu had to seek alchemists to help him with techniques to reinvigorate his jianyang male energy and resist her while having sex and hold himself back. More details were elaborated on the game where Liu Chang chose young men to bring to the palace and paired them with palace women to strip naked and have sex with each other while Liu Chang and Mei Zhu watched and walked among them and recorded whether the man or woman won. The book said if the man won and defeated the woman, they were rewarded, but if the woman won and defeated the man, Liu and Mei Zhu had the man castrated and said that he was a useless waste.[93][94][95][96][97][98] [99] [100][101][102] Persians of Hormuz and Siraf on the Persian Gulf are said to have dark skin and they were the ones who traveled to Tang dynasty and Song dynasty China.[103][104][105]

Guangzhou (Canton) had a community which included Persian women in the 10th-12th centuries, found in Liu Chang's harem in the 10th century and in Song dynasty era Guangzhou in the 12th century the Persian women (波斯婦) there were observed wearing many earrings.[106][107][108][109][110][111].[112][113][114][115][116][117] [118][119] The Muslim women in Guangzhou were called either Persian women 波斯婦 or Pusaman 菩萨蛮 which may be from "Mussulman" or "Bussulman" which means Muslim in Persian.[120][121][122][123][124]

Liu Chang also employed women shamans.[125] At the Glorious Florescence Park Liu Chang held the "Red Cloud Banquet", a festival for the litchi fruit.[126]

He was the last Emperor of Southern Han, as his kingdom was defeated and taken over by the Song dynasty in 972. He reigned for a total of 14 years.[127]

Schafer translated the history of the five dynasties on the Southern Han including on Liu Chang's reign.[128][129]

In the same Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period another young Chinese Emperor Wang Zongyan who was only 20 years old when he ascended the throne, had a Persian woman as his concubine, Li Shunxian. He was known for indulging in sex with women.[130][131][132][133] During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (Wudai) (907–960), there are examples of Chinese emperors marrying Persian women. "In the times of Wudai (907–960) the emperors preferred to marry Persian women, and the Song dynasty official families liked to marry women from Dashi [Arabia]" was written by Chen Yuan.[134]





The Five Dynasties ended in 960 when the Song Dynasty was founded to replace the Later Zhou. From that point, the new Song rulers set themselves about to continue the reunification process set in motion by the Later Zhou. Through the 960s and 970s, the Song increased its influence in the south until finally it was able to force the Southern Han dynasty to submit to its rule in 971.

Extension territoriale

La capitale des Han du Sud correspond à l'actuelle ville de Guangzhou. Le territoire du royaume s'étend le long des régions côtières des actuelles provinces du Guangdong, Guangxi, Hanoi et de l'île de Hainan. Il a des frontières communes avec les royaumes de Min, Chu et les Tang du Sud ainsi qu'avec le royaume non chinois de Dali. A la fin de la période, Les Tang du Sud occupent toute la frontière nord des Han du Sud, après avoir conquit le royaume de Min en 945 et celui de Chu en 951.

Controverse sur les orgines ethniques du clan Liu

Certains érudits modernes pensent que les membres du clan Liu des Han du Sud ne sont pas d'origine chinoise et rejettent les documents historiques traditionnels, ainsi que les revendications des Liu eux-mêmes, qui disaient descendres de Chinois ayant quitté le nord de la Chine pour migrer vers le sud[135][136][137].

Dans les chroniques historiques comme L'Ancienne histoire des Cinq Dynasties et le Nouveau Livre des Tang, il est écrit que ce clan Liu prétend être originaire du nord de la Chine, plus précisement de Shangcai au Henan et de Pengcheng au Jiangsu. Toujour selon les dires des Liu, ils y auraient vécus jusqu'à ce que leur ancêtre Liu Anren (劉安仁) parte plus au sud, vers le Fujian et le Guangdong. Ils prétendent également étre des descendants d'un autre clan Liu trés célébre, celui des empereurs de la dynastie Han, qui ont régén sur la chine pendant prés de 400 ans, bien des siécles plus tôt. Les Liu des Han du Sud prétendent également étre lié au clan Wei, une autre puissante famille de l'aristocratie Chinoise. Selon leur dire, leur ancétre Liu Zhiqian aurait voulut épouser une femme issue du clan Wei, mais il aurait été rejette car il était de trops basse extraction, ce qui lui aurait valut de s'entendre dire par les Wei qu'il n'était "pas de notre espèce" (非我 族 类). Mais en dépit du faible rang de Liu, le gouverneur militaire Wei Zhou l'aurais autorisé à épousé sa nièce, malgrés les objections du reste de la famille.

Le premier a remettre en cause ces origines est le japonais Fujita Toyohachi qui, en 1910 avance que le clan Liu des Han du Sud est composé de descendants de marchands Arabes qui sont venus au Fujian et au Guangdong par la mer. Comme preuve de sa théorie, il expose le cas d'un Arabe qui, sous la dynastie Song, a pris Liu comme nouveau nom de famille. Fujita s'appuit sur cette exemple et sur le fait qu'il trouve que Liu ressemble à des noms arabes comme Ali ou Alaa, pour affirmé que le clan Liu est d'origine arabe et que ses membres ont essayé de se faire passer pour des chinois venus du nord.

Cette théorie est immédiatement attaquées par un autre érudit japonais, Masahiro Kawahara, qui commence par faire remarquer que les empereurs chinois ont pour coutume d'accorder l'usage de leurs nom de famille aux marchands étrangers. C'est ainsi que les empereurs de la dynastie Tang ont acccordé à plusieurs étrangers le droit de porter le nom de famille Li, soit le nom de la famille impériale. Partant de là, il est plus probable que le marchand arabe de la dynastie Song ait reçu son nom de famille "Liu" comme cadeau des empereurs Liu des Han du Sud que l'inverse. Masahiro souligne également que les Han du Sud ne pratiquaient pas à l'islam mais le bouddhisme et qu'ils n'ont jamais pris de titres venant du monde arabe, comme "sultan". Selon Masahiro, les Liu appartenaient en fait à une minorité ethnique locale non-Han du Guangdong, originaire de Fengzhou, qui se seraient inventé des ancétres venant du Nord de la Chine, pour pouvoir revendiquer étre des descendants de la dynastie Han.

Les théories de Fujita et de Masahiro sont rapidement attaquées par un autre historien, parce qu'elles sont basées sur leurs propres conjectures et opinions et ne s'appuyent sur aucune preuve solide ou ni aucune source fiable qui pourraient servir à soutenir leurs revendications. Par exemple, Fujita et Masahiro mettent tous deux en avant la réponse des Wei, leur "pas de notre espèce", pour justifier que les Liu ne sont pas d'ethnie Han. Le probléme, c'est qu'a l'époque des Han du Sud et des Song, " 族" signifie "clan" et non pas "ethnie" comme a l'époque moderne. La réponse des Wei prend donc un tout autre sens, puisqu'elle fait référence à la hiérarchie sociale qui existe au sein de l'aristocratie chinoise sous la dynastie Tang, en indiquant que les Liu sont un clan dont le statut social est inférieur à celui des Wei. Il est donc totalement inapproprié d'utiliser cette déclaration des Wei comme preuve que les Liu sont "arabes". En ce qui concerne la théorie de Masahiro selon laquelle les Liu font parti d'une minorité ethnique non-Han locale, il n'existe aucune preuve basée sur des textes historiques et rien ne suggère que ces textes, comme la Nouvelle Histoire des Cinq Dynasties, sont faux.

Il s'agit donc, dans les deux cas, de théorie avancée sans véritable preuves[138]. Un grand nombre de Chinois ont quitté la Chine du Nord pour celle du Sud, tout comme les Han du Sud, lors de l'effondrement de la dynastie Tang et ont participé à la création du royaume quand il est devenu indépendant. Les arguments sur l'origine de la famille Liu ont de nouveau été examinés par d'autres historiens, plus contemporains, et tous ont conclus que le clan Liu étaient d'ascendance chinoise[139][140].

Souverains des Han du Sud

Souverains du royaume de Han du Sud
Noms de Temple ( Miao Hao 廟號) Noms Posthumes ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Noms Personnels Dates des règnes Noms d’ères (Nian Hao 年號) et leurs dates
Gao Zu (chinois traditionnel : 高祖 ; pinyin : gao1 zu3) Tian Huang Da Di (chinois traditionnel : 天皇大帝 ; pinyin : tian1 huang2 da4 di4) Liu Yan (pinyin : liu2 yan2)

Liu Yan (chinois traditionnel : 劉龑 ; pinyin : liu2 yan3) aprés 926

917–941 Qianheng (chinois traditionnel : 乾亨 ; pinyin : qian2 heng1) 917–925

Bailong (chinois traditionnel : 白龍 ; pinyin : bai2 long2) 925–928
Dayou (chinois traditionnel : 大有 ; pinyin : da4 you3) 928–941

Did not exist Shang Di (chinois traditionnel : 殤帝 ; pinyin : shang1 di4) Liu Bin (chinois traditionnel : 劉玢 ; pinyin : liu2 bin1) 941–943 Guangtian (chinois traditionnel : 光天 ; pinyin : guang1 tian1) 941–943
Zhong Zong (chinois traditionnel : 中宗 ; pinyin : zhong1 zong1) Wénwǔ Guāngmíng Xiào (chinois traditionnel : 文武光明孝皇帝)

Le nom choisit est tellement long et compliqué, qu'il n'est jamais utilisé pour désigner ce souverain

Liu Sheng (chinois traditionnel : 劉晟 ; pinyin : liu2 sheng4) 943–958 Yingqian (chinois traditionnel : 應乾 ; pinyin : ying4 qian2) 943

Qianhe (chinois traditionnel : 乾和 ; pinyin : qian4 he2) 943–958

Hou Zhu (chinois traditionnel : 後主 ; pinyin : hou4 zhu3) Aucun Liu Chang (chinois traditionnel : 劉鋹 ; pinyin : liu2 chang3) 958–971 Dabao (chinois traditionnel : 大寶 ; pinyin : da4 bao3) 958–971

Arbre généalogique des souverains des Han du Sud

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liu Zhiqian
劉知謙 (??? - 894)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liu Yin 劉隱
874 – 911
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liu Yan 劉龑 889–942
Gaozu 高祖
r.917-942
 
 
 
Liu Tai 劉台
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Empereur
Huizong de Min
 
Liu Hua 劉華
896 - 930
 
 Liu Hongchang
劉弘昌 ??? - 944
Prince de Yue 越王
 
Liu Bin 劉玢 920-943
Shāng 殤皇
r.942-943
 
Liu Sheng 劉晟 920–958
Zhongzong
r.943-958
 
 Liu Honggao
劉弘杲 ??? - 943
Prince de Xun 循王
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liu Chang 劉鋹
942–980
r.958-971

Voir également

Notes et références

  1. ↑ a et b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 260.
  2. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 265.
  3. ↑ a b et c Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 266.
  4. ↑ a b et c Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (十國春秋), vol. 58.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f et g Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 268.
  6. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 269.
  7. ↑ a b c et d Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 270.
  8. ↑ a b c et d Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 271.
  9. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 273.
  10. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 276.
  11. ↑ a b et c Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 277.
  12. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 278.
  13. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 279.
  14. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 280.
  15. ↑ a et b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 281.
  16. ↑ a b et c Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 282.
  17. ↑ (en) « 南汉开国皇帝陵寝找到了 », 广州日报,‎ (lire en ligne)
  18. ↑ a b c d e et f Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 283.
  19. ↑ 美嵩 刘, « 论南汉政权的汉化 », 中南民族学院学报,‎ 1988年04期 (lire en ligne)
  20. ↑ (en) « 南漢王朝是不是阿拉伯人建立的？五代十國時期的廣州與阿拉伯人 », 每日頭條,‎ (lire en ligne)
  21. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 284.
  22. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 285.
  23. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 287.
  24. ↑ a et b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 288.
  25. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 289.
  26. ↑ a et b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 290.
  27. ↑ a et b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 291.
  28. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 292.
  29. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 293.
  30. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 294.
  31. ↑ (en) Xiu Ouyang et Richard L. Davis, Historical records of the five dynasties, illustrated, annotated, (ISBN 0-231-12826-6, lire en ligne), p. 544 :

    « Liu Chang, originally named Jixing, had been invested Prince of Wei. . .Because court affairs were monopolized by Gong Chengshu and cohort, Liu Chang in the inner palace could play his debauched games with female attendants, including a Persian. He never again emerged to inquire of state affairs »
  32. ↑ Steven B. Miles, « Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou », Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Harvard-Yenching Institute, vol. 62, no 1,‎ , p. 46 (DOI 10.2307/4126584, JSTOR 4126584)
  33. ↑ (en) Lombard-Salmon Claudine, Les Persans à l'extrémité orientale de la route maritime (IIe A.E. -XVIIe siècle), Archipel. Volume 68, (lire en ligne), p. 40
  34. ↑ (en) Société pour l'étude et la connaissance du monde insulindien, Association Archipel, Centre de documentatio et de recherches sur l'Asie du Sud-Est et le monde indonésien, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France), Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Archipel, Issues 67-68, SECMI., (lire en ligne), p. 40
  35. ↑ (en) Edward Hetzel Schafer, The Vermilion Bird, University of California Press, (lire en ligne), p. 187
  36. ↑ Steven B. Miles, « Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou », Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Harvard-Yenching Institute, vol. 62, no 1,‎ , p. 48 (DOI 10.2307/4126584, JSTOR 4126584)
  37. ↑ Steven B. Miles. “Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 62, no. 1, 2002, pp. 39–75. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4126584.
  38. ↑ Edward Hetzel Schafer Jr., The Reign of Liu Ch'ang, Last Emperor of Southern Han: A Critical Translation of the Text of Wu Tai Shih, with Special Inquiries Into Relevant Phases of Contemporary Chinese Civilization (thèse), reprint, (lire en ligne)
  39. ↑ (en) University of California, Berkeley, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Volumes 11-12, University of California Press, (lire en ligne), p. 407
  40. ↑ « 南汉刘鋹波斯女刘鋹的后妃子女 », sur 人物_历史上的今天
  41. ↑ « 重口味的皇帝南汉后主刘鋹竟喜爱黑胖女人 », sur 趣历史,‎
  42. ↑ (en) 東方文化學院 (Tokyo, Japan). 京都硏究所, 東方文化硏究所 (Kyoto, Japan), 京都大學. 人文科學硏究所, Journal of Oriental studies, Volume 25, Issue 1, 東方文化學院京都硏究所,‎ (lire en ligne), p. 364 :

    « 5) Ch'ang was particularly fond of a Persian girl whom he styled " Seductive Pig ". Like his uncle Pin, Ch'ang enjoyed naked revels ; see CIL a.7b for a description of his "Great Body Pairing" game. For more on Persians in Canton, see my "Iranian Merchants in T'ang Dynasty Tales ", Semitic and Oriental Studies, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, XI. 403-422 (1951). »
  43. ↑ (en) Tōyō Bunko (Japan), Memoirs of the Research Department, Issue 2, Pennsylvania State University (lire en ligne), p. 34
  44. ↑ (en) Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issue 2, the University of Michigan, The Toyo Bunko, (lire en ligne), p. 34
  45. ↑ HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES A lecture delivered on 18trh November 1963 by K. M. A. Barnett
  46. ↑ K. M. A. BARNETT, « HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES », Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch,‎ , p. 58 (ISSN 1991-7295, lire en ligne, consulté le )
  47. ↑ K. M. A. Barnett, « HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE: THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES: A lecture delivered on 18th November 1963 », Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, vol. 4,‎ , p. 58 (JSTOR 23891884)
  48. ↑ Barnett, K. M. A. “HONG KONG BEFORE THE CHINESE: THE FRAME, THE PUZZLE AND THE MISSING PIECES: A Lecture Delivered on 18th November 1963.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 4, 1964, pp. 42–67. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23891884.
  49. ↑ (en) Roger Darrobers, Opéra de Pékin: théâtre et société à la fin de l'Empire sino-mandchou, Bleu de Chine, (ISBN 2910884198, lire en ligne), p. 31
  50. ↑ (en) Xiu Ouyang, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, illustrated, reprint, annotated, coll. « Translations from the Asian classics », (ISBN 0231128274, lire en ligne), p. 544
  51. ↑ Xiu, Ouyang, and Richard L. Davis. “Hereditary House of Southern Han” Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, Columbia University Press, 2004, pp. 535–547. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/davi12826.53.
  52. ↑ (en) Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2, vol. Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project, Toyo Bunko, coll. « Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B », (lire en ligne), p. 34
  53. ↑ (en) Tōyō Bunko (Japan), Memoirs of the Research Department, coll. « Tokyo Bunko publications » (lire en ligne), p. 34
  54. ↑ (en) Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society, Journal of the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society, The Society, (lire en ligne), p. 299
  55. ↑ (en) Herbert Franke, Sung Biographies, Part 2, Steiner, coll. « Münchener ostasiatische Studien, vBd. 16 vBd. 16-17 », (ISBN 3515024123, lire en ligne), p. 620
  56. ↑ KEITH McMahon, « The Institution of Polygamy in the Chinese Imperial Palace », The Journal of Asian Studies, Association for Asian Studies, vol. 72, no 4,‎ , p. 928 (JSTOR 43553235)
  57. ↑ McMAHON, KEITH. “The Institution of Polygamy in the Chinese Imperial Palace.” The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 72, no. 4, 2013, pp. 917–936. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43553235.
  58. ↑ (en) Keith McMahon, Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, (ISBN 1442222905, lire en ligne), p. 251
  59. ↑ (en) 東方文化硏究所 (Kyoto, Japan), 京都大学. 人文科学硏究所, Journal of Oriental studies, Volume 25, Part 1, 東方文化學院京都硏究所,‎ (lire en ligne), p. 364
  60. ↑ (en) Lingnan cong shu, Volume 2, Yang zhuo shan fang, (lire en ligne)
  61. ↑ (en) 清異錄: 2卷, 陳氏庸閒齋,‎ (lire en ligne)
  62. ↑ (en) 東藩 蔡, 五代通俗演義: 蔡東藩歷史演義-五代, 谷月社,‎ (lire en ligne)
  63. ↑ (en) « 皇帝说想做官要先阉了 结果他开创了太监之国 », 趣历史网,‎ (lire en ligne)
  64. ↑ « “南汉后主”刘鋹荒淫可笑？ »
  65. ↑ (en) 官场怪圈定律 (lire en ligne), « 文人误会：宋真宗写错了一个字（5） »
  66. ↑ (en) 情史 (lire en ligne) :

    « 大体双 　　刘𬬮得波斯女，年破瓜。丰腯而慧艳，善淫，曲尽其妙。𬬮嬖之，赐号媚猪。延方士求健阳法，久乃得，多多益办。好观人交，选恶少年，配以雏宫人，皆妖俊美健者，就后园，褫衣使露而偶。𬬮扶媚猪巡行览玩，号曰“大体双”。又择新采异，与媚猪对。鸟兽见之熟，亦作合。 »
  67. ↑ (en) 任臣 吳, 十國春秋, vol. 六十一 61 (lire en ligne) :

    « 　　美人李氏亦托養女後主既立托長女為貴妃復以其次女充美人之職一時竝寵宫中稱極盛焉又同時有宫人素馨以殊色進性喜揷白花遂名其花曰素馨花波斯女失其名氏黒腯而慧光艷絶人性善淫後主甚嬖之賜名媚豬後主荒縱無度益求方士媚藥為淫䙝之戲又選惡少年配以宫婢使褫衣露偶扶波斯女循覽為樂號曰大體雙卒以此亡國 »
  68. ↑ (en) Ouyang Xiu, 新五代史, vol. 卷六十五　南漢世家第五: 劉隱 卷65 Chapter 65: Hereditary House of Southern Han,‎ (lire en ligne) :

    « 澄樞等既專政，鋹乃與宮婢波斯女等淫戲後宮，不復出省事。 鋹，初名继兴，封卫王。晟卒，以长子立，改元曰大宝。晟性刚忌，不能任臣下，而独任其嬖倖宦官、宫婢延遇、琼仙等。至鋹尤愚，以谓群臣皆自有家室，顾子孙，不能尽忠，惟宦者亲近可任，遂委其政于宦者龚澄枢、陈延寿等，至其群臣有欲用者，皆阉然后用。澄枢等既专政，鋹乃与宫婢波斯女等淫戏后宫，不复出省事。延寿又引女巫樊胡子，自言玉皇降胡子身。鋹于内殿设帐幄，陈宝贝，胡子冠远游冠，衣紫霞裾，坐帐中宣祸福，呼鋹为太子皇帝，国事皆决于胡子，卢琼仙、龚澄枢等争附之。胡子乃为鋹言：“澄枢等皆上天使来辅太子，有罪不可问。”尚书左丞钟允章参政事，深嫉之，数请诛宦官，宦官皆仄目。 »
  69. ↑ (en) 五代十国, vol. 第 九十 回：刘继兴失道宠媚猪 林仁肇蒙冤饮鸩毒 90 (lire en ligne) :

    « 南汉皇帝名叫刘继兴，从小就和太监玩乐，长大后让这群太监教出一身恶习。刘继兴有三大古怪的嗜好，迷信巫术，好养猛兽，喜欢肥胖女子。尤其是喜好肥胖女子，刘继兴宫里有一个从西域贩卖来的波斯女子，不仅身材肥胖，而且长了一双大眼睛，熟铜色的皮肤，身材丰硕有形，竟使刘继兴迷的神魂颠倒。 这个波斯女子自幼长在西域，从没见过大海。南汉的地处两广，海水是想怎么看就怎看。后来得知海水中能产珍珠，这个波斯女子是不爱金银爱珍珠，刘继兴便令渔民潜下七百尺的海水中捞珍珠，捞出珍珠重重有赏，捞不出珍珠就别想活着上岸。也不知淹死了多少无辜的打渔百姓，为这个波斯女子献上了数千颗珍珠。 刘继兴这个昏君为这个波斯女子作了珍珠裙、珍珠衫、珍珠冠、珍珠肚兜儿，并为这个波斯女子起了名字叫“媚珠”。这些事惹得民愤迭起，老百姓就把“媚珠”改叫“媚猪”。 »
  70. ↑ (en) Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2, vol. Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project, Toyo Bunko, coll. « Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B », (lire en ligne), p. 55
  71. ↑ (en) 谷 Gu 陶 Tao, 清異録, vol. 君道門（十二事）大體雙 (lire en ligne) :

    « 劉鋹昏縱角出，得波斯女，年破瓜，黑腯而慧艷，善淫，曲盡其妙。鋹嬖之，賜號“媚豬”。延方士求健陽法，久乃得，多多益辦。好觀人交，選惡少年配以雛宫人，皆妖俊美健者，就後禠衣，使露而偶，鋹扶媚豬延行覽玩，號曰“大體雙”。又擇新採異，與媚豬對，鳥獸見之熟，亦作合。 »
  72. ↑ (en) 説郛 (四庫全書本), vol. 卷120上 (lire en ligne) :

    « 劉鋹昏縱角出得波斯女年破瓜黑腯而慧艶善淫曲盡其妙 »
  73. ↑ (en) 夢龍 馮, 古今譚槩, vol. 08,‎ 明 (lire en ligne) :

    « 南漢主劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧豔。鋹嬖之，賜號「媚豬」。 »
  74. ↑ (en) 廷華 張, 香艷叢書,‎ (lire en ligne), « 7 » :

    « 新署宮銜作候窗，只應獨夜守明釭。妖淫羞煞波斯女，裸逐相看大體雙。〖《清異錄》：南漢劉晟，殿側置宮人，望明窗以候曉。宮人謂之候窗監。又：劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧艷，善淫。鋹嬖之，賜號“媚豬”。又選惡少年，配以雛宮人，使褫衣露偶。鋹扶媚豬延行玩覽，號曰“大體雙”。〗 »
  75. ↑ (en) 夢龍 馮, 情史類略,‎ 明 (lire en ligne), « 17 第十七卷　情穢類 » :

    « 　　劉鋹得波斯女，年破瓜，豐腯而慧豔，善淫，曲盡其妙。鋹嬖之，賜號「媚豬」。延方士求健陽法，久乃得，多多益辦。好觀人交，選惡少年，配以雛宮人，皆妖俊美健者，就後園褫衣使露而偶。鋹扶媚豬巡行覽玩，號曰「大體雙」。又擇新採異，與媚豬對。鳥獸見之熟，亦作合。 »
  76. ↑ (en) 疑耀 (四庫全書本) (lire en ligne) :

    « 南漢主劉鋹得波斯女黒腯而慧 »
  77. ↑ (en) 説郛 (四庫全書本) (lire en ligne), « 全覽8 » :

    « 劉鋹昏縱角出得波斯女年破瓜黑腯而慧艶善淫曲盡其妙鋹嬖之賜號媚猪 »
  78. ↑ (en) 邦瞻　 陳, 宋史紀事本末, vol. 卷05 平南漢,‎ (lire en ligne) :

    « 時，南漢主劉鋹性昏懦，委政宦者龔澄樞及才人盧瓊仙。鋹日與宮人波斯女等遊戲宮中，宦者至七千餘，有爲三師、三公者。宦者陳延壽謂鋹曰：「先帝所以得傳位於陛下者，由盡殺羣弟故也。」勸鋹除去諸王。鋹以爲然，遂殺其弟桂王璿興，由是上下怨而紀綱大壞。 »
  79. ↑ (en) 脫脫, 宋史, vol. 卷481 ◎世家四○南漢劉氏,‎ (lire en ligne) :

    « 鋹日與宮人、波斯女等遊戲。 »
  80. ↑ (en) 宋史 (四庫全書本), vol. 卷481 (lire en ligne) :

    « 鋹日與宮人波斯女等游戲 »
  81. ↑ (en) 宋史紀事本末, vol. (四庫全書本)/卷01 (lire en ligne) :

    « 鋹日與宫人波斯女等游戲 »
  82. ↑ (en) 宋史 (四庫全書本), vol. 全覽16 (lire en ligne) :

    « 鋹日與宮人波斯女等游戲 »
  83. ↑ « 愛好性交和鬥雞的亡國之君 »
  84. ↑ (en) 廷華 張, 香艷叢書, vol. 7 十國宮詞　清　秀水孟彬賦魚　撰,‎ (lire en ligne) :

    « 新署宮銜作候窗，只應獨夜守明釭。妖淫羞煞波斯女，裸逐相看大體雙。 　　〖《清異錄》：南漢劉晟，殿側置宮人，望明窗以候曉。宮人謂之候窗監。又：劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧艷，善淫。鋹嬖之，賜號“媚豬”。又選惡少年，配以雛宮人，使褫衣露偶。鋹扶媚豬延行玩覽，號曰“大體雙”。〗 　私署宮司慣候窗，銀壺靜報漏琤瑽。何來絕慧波斯女，別戀春場大體雙。 　　〖《清異錄》：南漢劉晟，殿側置宮人，望明窗以候曉。宮人謂之“候窗監”。又：劉鋹得波斯女，黑腯而慧絕，善淫，鋹賜號“媚豬”。延方士求健陽法，選惡少配以雛宮人，使褫衣露偶，鋹與媚豬延行覽玩，號曰“大體雙”。〗 »
  85. ↑ (en) 息庵居士, 豔異編, vol. 13,‎ 明 (lire en ligne) :

    « 大體雙 　　劉昏縱角出，得波斯女，年破瓜，豐鷂而慧豔，善淫，曲盡其妙。嬖之，賜號「媚豬」。延方士求健陽法，久乃得，多多益辦。好觀人交，選惡少年配以雛宮人，皆妖俊美健者，就後園褫衣，使露而偶。扶媚豬巡行覽玩，號曰：「大體雙」，又擇新彩異與媚豬對。鳥獸見之，孰亦作合。 »
  86. ↑ (en) 清異録 (四庫全書本), vol. 卷上 (lire en ligne) :

    « 大體雙 　　劉鋹昏縱角出得波斯女年破𤓰黑腯而慧艷善淫曲盡其妙鋹嬖之賜號媚猪延方士求健陽法乆乃得多多益辦好觀人交選惡少年配以雛宫人皆妖俊美健者就後園禠衣使露而偶鋹扶媚猪延行覽玩號曰大體雙又擇新採異與媚猪對鳥獸見之熟亦作合 »
  87. ↑ (en) 穀 陶　, 清異錄, vol. 君道門 候窗監,‎ 宋 (lire en ligne) :

    « 候窗監 南漢劉晟，殿側置宫人望明窻以候曉，宫人謂之“候窗監”。 »
  88. ↑ (en) 清異錄 (lire en ligne), « 君道門 »
  89. ↑ （清）吴兰修撰，王甫校注：《南汉纪》征引《清异录》，广东高等教育出版社，1993年，第67页。“刘鋹昏纵，得波斯女，年破瓜，黑腯而慧艳”
  90. ↑ (en) « 南汉亡国之君极度荒淫喜欢阉割能臣 », 凤凰网,‎ (lire en ligne)
  91. ↑ « 南汉亡国之君极度荒淫 喜欢阉割能臣 », sur 凤凰网,‎
  92. ↑ (en) 中国帝王后宫私生活之谜全纪录
  93. ↑ (en) 慕羲 许, 宋代宫闱史,‎ 民国 (lire en ligne), « 第二十九回 霞裾云幄启巫风 斗虎抵象残民命 29 »
  94. ↑ « 南漢皇帝弄個波斯女封為媚豬，派個大將日夜祈禱請天兵天將，當了俘虜還 », sur 每日頭條,‎
  95. ↑ « “南汉后主”刘鋹荒淫可笑？ »,‎
  96. ↑ « 南漢後主劉鋹 »,‎
  97. ↑ (en) 東藩 蔡, 宋史通俗演義: 蔡東藩歷史演義-宋朝, 谷月社,‎ (lire en ligne)
  98. ↑ (en) « 南汉亡国之君刘鋹喜欢阉割能臣 », 历史之家,‎ (lire en ligne)
  99. ↑ (en) « 中国第一个玩洋妞皇帝称她为“媚猪儿”(图) », 文学城,‎ (lire en ligne)
  100. ↑ (en) « 史上最神奇的皇帝—南汉刘鋹，官员全部自宫，爱妃叫“媚猪” », 雪花新闻,‎ (lire en ligne)
  101. ↑ « Ten Ancient Chinese emperors quirks: Yuan emperor preference group sex », sur GoodChinaBrand.com,
  102. ↑ « Legend: Mitsutomo south are ridiculous. Dynasty minister », sur Best China News,
  103. ↑ (en) Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2, vol. Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project, Toyo Bunko, coll. « Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B », (lire en ligne), p. 54
  104. ↑ (en) Tōyō Bunko (Japan), Memoirs of the Research Department, coll. « Tokyo Bunko publications » (lire en ligne), p. 54
  105. ↑ (en) « 三 笼络蕃商：南汉朝廷与南海贸易 », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant, paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  106. ↑ (en) University of California (1868-1952), University of California (System), University of California, Berkeley, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Volumes 11-12, University of California Press, (lire en ligne)
  107. ↑ « 唐朝境内的波斯人及其活动 », sur 搜狐,‎  : « 广州波斯妇，绕耳皆穿穴带环，有二十余枚者。家家以篾为门，人食槟榔，唾地如血。 »
  108. ↑ （南宋）庄绰：《鸡肋篇》卷中，中华书局，1983年，第53页。
  109. ↑ « 宋建三城商都繁盛 », sur 广州文史
  110. ↑ 波 刘, « 第三章广州海洋文明文物撷萃 », sur 广州市地方志
  111. ↑ « 鲜为人知唐代大惨案，黄巢攻占广州杀十二万外国商人 », sur 胡耀邦： 鲜为人知唐代大惨案，黄巢攻占广州杀十二万外国商人,‎
  112. ↑ Lifang 丽芳 Chai 柴 et Enle 恩乐 Sun 孙, « 岭南地区三大民系传统服饰风格之比较 », Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Information Technology and Scientific Management, Guangzhou, China 广州，中国，510090, SciRes. Art Design College, Guangdong University of Technology 广东工业大学艺术设计学院，,‎ , p. 853 (ISBN 978-1-935068-40-2, lire en ligne)
  113. ↑ (en) « 唐朝境內的波斯人及其活動 », 每日頭條,‎ (lire en ligne)
  114. ↑ (en) 英豪 朱, « 标题：泉州——被遗忘的光明之城 », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant, paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  115. ↑ (en) 苏尼 贝, « 伊斯蘭教東傳與黃巢“滅回”問題（修改補充版） », 独立评论,‎ (lire en ligne)
  116. ↑ 伊斯蘭教東傳與黃巢“滅回”問題（修改補充版）
  117. ↑ (en) « 宋建三城商都繁盛 », 广州文史网, 省档案馆编研部摘编, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  118. ↑ « 新疆维吾尔族传统黄金耳饰艺术探微 » : « 一、维吾尔族传统黄金耳饰的造型种类. 及制作工艺. 用黄金铸成的耳环、耳坠是维吾尔族. 妇女必备的首饰，仅为妇女所佩戴。向衍. 斌先生曾经写道：“维吾尔族妇女戴耳环. 源于何地值得深究。南宋初期庄季裕之《鸡. 肋编》云'广州波斯妇绕耳皆穿穴带环，. 有二十余枚者。'这说明穿耳戴环饰乃伊. 朗萨珊王朝时期盛行的 ... »
  119. ↑ Kuwabara Jitsuzō [桑原騭藏] (1870–1931). 1928 and 1935. P’u Shou-keng 蒲寿庚. A Man of the Western Regions, Who was Superintendent of the Trading Ships’ Office in Ch’üan-chou 泉州 towards the End of the Sung Dynasty, together with a General Sketch of Trade of the Arabs in - 27 -China during the T’ang and Sung eras, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko, part I, 2 (1928), 1–79; Part 2, 7 (1935), 1–104.
  120. ↑ (en) « 蕃坊里的回族先民 », 人民网-中国民族新闻,‎ 2010年04月01日 (lire en ligne)
  121. ↑ (en) 伊斯兰教传入中国的两个阶段,‎ (lire en ligne)
  122. ↑ (en) Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2, vol. Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project, Toyo Bunko, coll. « Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B », (lire en ligne), p. 34
  123. ↑ (en) Tōyō Bunko (Japan), Memoirs of the Research Department, coll. « Tokyo Bunko publications » (lire en ligne), p. 34
  124. ↑ (en) Maria Jaschok et Jingjun Shui, The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own, illustrated, (ISBN 0700713026, lire en ligne), p. 73
  125. ↑ (en) Phi Theta (University of California, Berkeley), Oriental Languages Students Association (University of California, Berkeley), Phi Theta Papers: Publication of the Honor Society in Oriental Languages of the University of California, Berkeley, Volume 16, Phi Theta, Department of Oriental Languages, University of California, (lire en ligne), p. 9
  126. ↑ Steven B. Miles, « Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou », Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Harvard-Yenching Institute, vol. 62, no 1,‎ , p. 49 (DOI 10.2307/4126584, JSTOR 4126584)
  127. ↑ (en) Gan Fuxi, Fuxi Gan et Robert Brill, Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, World Scientific, (ISBN 981-283-356-0, lire en ligne), p. 387
  128. ↑ (en) Edward Hetzel Schafer Jr., Zinbun-kagaku-kenkyusho, vol. Silver Jubilee Volume of the, Kyoto, Kyoto University, , 339–369 p. (lire en ligne), « The history of the empire of Southern Han: According to chapter 65 of the Wu Tai Shih of Ouyang Hsiu »
  129. ↑ (en) Register - University of California, Volume 2, University of California Press, (lire en ligne), p. 104
  130. ↑ (en) University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Chinese Studies, China Review International, Volume 14, University of Hawaiʻi, Center for Chinese Studies and University of Hawaii Press, (lire en ligne), p. 219 :

    « While in the first years of the Former Shu many of the literati in Chengdu were aristocratic Émigrés who had fled from the upheavals in the Yellow River Valley (such as Wei Zhuang ## (836–910]), within a decade or two (if we can judge from the poets of the Huajian ji) there were both commoners (such as Yan Xuan soliń) and foreigners (such as Li Xun ##!, a poet from a Persian family that had moved to Shu before the fall of the Tang; Li's sister was one of Wang Yan's consorts and a ... »
  131. ↑ (en) Willow, wine, mirror, moon: women's poems from Tang China, BOA Editions, coll. « Lannan translations selection series », (ISBN 1929918747, lire en ligne), p. 137
  132. ↑ (en) [[He joined the Li Bamboo-Hat Poetry Society in 1970, and later served as the editor of the magazine. Since the eighties, his creative works and critical essays show strong social, political, and cultural concerns. Li Xunxian (d. 926?), was the daughter of a Persian immigrant to the Sichuan basin in the Tang empire's southwest. Her elder brother, Li Xun, was also reputedly a fine poet. Li became a consort of Wang Yan, dissolute monarch of the short-lived "Former Shu" dynasty.|National Translation Center (USA)]], Delos, (lire en ligne), p. 91
  133. ↑ Ming 明 Chen 陳, « The Transmission of Foreign Medicine via the Silk Roads in Medieval China: A Case Study of Haiyao Bencao 海葯本草 », Asian Medicine, Leiden, Koninklijke Brill NV, vol. 3, no 2,‎ , p. 241–264 (ISSN 1573-420X, DOI 10.1163/157342008X307866, lire en ligne)
  134. ↑ (en) Maria Jaschok et Jingjun Shui, The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own, illustrated, (ISBN 0700713026, lire en ligne), p. 74
  135. ↑ Angela Schottenhammer, « CHINA’S GATE TO THE SOUTH: IRANIAN AND ARAB MERCHANT NETWORKS IN GUANGZHOU DURING THE TANG-SONG TRANSITION (c.750–1050), PART II: 900–c.1050 », AAS WORKING PAPERS IN SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Wien, Austrian Academy of Sciences, vol. 29,‎ , p. 1-28 (ISBN 978-3-7001-7880-4, DOI 10.1553/wpsa29, lire en ligne)
  136. ↑ Steven B. Miles, « Rewriting the Southern Han (917-971): The Production of Local Culture in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou », Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Harvard-Yenching Institute, vol. 62, no 1,‎ jun., 2002, p. 45 (DOI 10.2307/4126584, lire en ligne)
  137. ↑ 庆新 李, « 南汉对外关系与海外贸易 », sur 中国经济史论坛
  138. ↑ (en) 庆新 李, « 南汉对外关系与海外贸易 », 中国经济史论坛_ 国学网,‎ (lire en ligne)
  139. ↑ (en) 加胜 周, 南汉国研究, 陕西师范大学,‎ (lire en ligne)
  140. ↑ (en) 北京 崔, 南汉史研究, 陕西师范大学,‎ (lire en ligne)

Bibliographie

  • (en) Mote, F.W., Imperial China (900-1800), Harvard University Press, , 11, 15 (ISBN 0-674-01212-7)
  • Schafer, Edward H. "The History of the Empire of Southern Han: According to Chapter 65 of the Wu-tai-shih of Ou-yang Hsiu", Zinbun-kagaku-kenkyusyo (ed.), Silver Jubilee Volume of the Zinbun-kagaku-kenkyusyo. Kyoto, Kyoto University, 1954.
  • (en) The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume One, Part One): From early times to c. 1500, Cambridge University Press, (ISBN 0-521-66369-5), p. 139

[[Category:Southern Han [[Category:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms [[Category:Former countries in Chinese history [[Category:917 establishments [[Category:10th-century establishments in China [[Category:971 disestablishments [[Category:970s disestablishments [[Category:10th-century disestablishments in China [[Category:States and territories established in the 910s [[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 970s

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