Jean-Bonaventure Rousseau

Biographie
Naissance	1726-1727
Décès	1774 (à 47-48 ans)
Nationalité	Français puis Britannique
Activité	Marchand de fourrures
Père	Jean-Baptiste Rousseau
Conjoint	Marie-Reine Brunet

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Jean-Bonaventure Rousseau dit Saint-Jean, était un marchand de fourrures influent en Nouvelle-France, puis dans la Province du Canada^[1]. Son père, Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, était lui aussi marchand de fourrures, mais il exerçait principalement dans la vallée de la rivière Ohio^[2]. Son fils, lui aussi appelé Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, commença à exercer en tant que marchand de fourrures, avant de devenir un des marchands les plus importants du Haut-Canada^[3].

Marchand de fourrures pour la Grande-Bretagne[modifier | modifier le code]

Jean-Bonaventure Rousseau prêta serment de fidélité, et se mit à travailler pour la Grande-Bretagne en tant qu'interprète vers 1770^[4]. Ainsi, il reçut une permis de commerce de fourrures autour de Toronto « et de là à tous marchés ou territoires qu'il jugerait avantageux pour la vente de sa marchandise »^[5]^,^[6]. Cela comprenait le commerce autour de la rivière Humber et de la rivière Credit.

Après 1750, les autorités françaises de la Nouvelle-France ont détruit des fortifications, y compris le Magasin Royal, le Fort Portneuf, et le Fort Rouillé^[1]. Rousseau restaura le Fort Portneuf, à l'embouchure de la rivière Humber, afin de le transformer en poste de traite de fourrures. Il délégua l'opération de ce poste à son fils à sa mort, en 1774.

Il existe un enregistrement du contenu du canoë de fret de Jean-Bonaventure Rousseau qui transportait ses premières marchandises. Il contenait 360 litres (80 gallons impériaux) de rhum, ainsi que 73 litres (16 gallons impériaux) de vin^[4]. Le commandant des forces britanniques en Amérique du Nord, Thomas Gage, écrit que Rousseau « débauchait » les peuples des Premières Nations. Plus tard, après avoir eu son permis de commercer à Toronto, l'équipe de Rousseau était constituée d'un canoë, de six hommes en plus de lui, et de sa marchandise, évaluée à 300 de la Monnaie Provinciale, qui comprenait les quantités de rhum et de vin précédemment évoquées, quatre fusils, 136 kilogrammes (300 livres) de poudre à canon, et 725 kilogrammes (1600 livres) de grenailles de plomb et de balles. Pour son permis de commerce, Rousseau a déposé une caution de 600 de la Monnaie Provinciale^[5].

Bibliographie[modifier | modifier le code]

(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé « Jean-Bonaventure Rousseau » (voir la liste des auteurs).

Articles connexes[modifier | modifier le code]

Notes et références[modifier | modifier le code]

↑ ^{a et b} Ron Brown, From Queenston to Kingston : The Hidden Heritage of Lake Ontario's Shoreline, Dundurn Press (en), 2010, 93-94 p. (ISBN 9781770705326, lire en ligne)

« Le Magasin Royale, a log fort that had been situated at Baby Point, farther up the Humber River, was built in 1720 under the orders of the then French governor of Canada, the Marquis Philippe Rigaud de Vaudreuil. Little more than a log cabin, it is considered by archeologists to the first non-aboriginal building in the Toronto area. The strategic significance of the route, the expansion of the French fur trade, and the increasing competition from the English on the south shore of the lake led the French to build a larger trading post, known as Fort Toronto, near its mouth, as a replacement for Le Magasin Royale. Constructed by Chevalier de Portneuf between 1830 and 1740, Fort Toronto was in turn replaced by an even larger fort, Fort Rouille, located on what are today's CNE grounds, a site marked by an historic monument and plaque. After 1750, when the French had destroyed all their Lake Ontario fortification, the ruins of the earlier Fort Toronto were resurrected by fur trader Jean Bonaventure Rousseau, and run by his son Jean Baptiste Rousseau, or "St. John," as Lieutenant Governor Simcoe called him. »
↑ Grant Karcich, Scugog Carrying Place : A Frontier Pathway, Dundurn Press (en), 2013, 264 p. (ISBN 9781459707511, lire en ligne), p. 70
↑ ROUSSEAUX ST JOHN, JOHN BAPTIST (baptized Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, dit Saint-Jean), fur trader, interpreter, businessman, militia officer, and office holder (lire en ligne [archive du 29 mars 2019])

« On 24 July 1793 Lieutenant Governor Simcoe urged that he be appointed his personal interpreter. Rousseaux had, Simcoe wrote to Alured Clarke*, the lieutenant governor o,f Lower Canada, 'all the requisites necessary for that office, and is equally agreeable to ... [Brant] and the Mohawks as to the Missassagas ... the only person, who possesses any great degree of influence with either of those Nations.' »
↑ ^{a et b} Allan Levine, Toronto : Biography of a City, D & M Publishers, 2014, 33-34 p. (ISBN 9781771620437, lire en ligne)
↑ ^{a et b} A. H. Richardson, « Credit Valley Conservation Report 1956 », Ontario Department of Planning and Development,‎ 1956 (lire en ligne, consulté le 17 mai 2020) :
« In September 1770 Jean Bonaventure Rousseau, called St. Jean or St. John, was licensed to trade at Toronto “and from thence to any markets or parts which he should find advantageous for the sale of his merchandise", His party was to consist of one canoe with six men besides himself, and his merchandise, valued at 300, included a fair quantity of rum, a smaller amount of wine, four rifles, 300 pounds of gunpowder and 1600 pounds of shot and ball. For this license Rousseau posted a bond of 600, Provincial Currency. »
↑ « Attachment 7: West Queen West Heritage Conservation District Study », City of Toronto,‎ juin 2017, p. 24 (lire en ligne, consulté le 17 mai 2020) :
« In 1770, Jean-Bonaventure Rousseau of Montreal was both an interpreter with the Indian Department and had license to trade with the indigenous population along the Humber. Rousseau established his family’s commercial endeavors in the York area and was joined in this business by his son, Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, around 1775. »

[Queenston2Kingston-1] {a et b} Ron Brown, From Queenston to Kingston : The Hidden Heritage of Lake Ontario's Shoreline, Dundurn Press (en), 2010, 93-94 p. (ISBN 9781770705326, lire en ligne)

« Le Magasin Royale, a log fort that had been situated at Baby Point, farther up the Humber River, was built in 1720 under the orders of the then French governor of Canada, the Marquis Philippe Rigaud de Vaudreuil. Little more than a log cabin, it is considered by archeologists to the first non-aboriginal building in the Toronto area. The strategic significance of the route, the expansion of the French fur trade, and the increasing competition from the English on the south shore of the lake led the French to build a larger trading post, known as Fort Toronto, near its mouth, as a replacement for Le Magasin Royale. Constructed by Chevalier de Portneuf between 1830 and 1740, Fort Toronto was in turn replaced by an even larger fort, Fort Rouille, located on what are today's CNE grounds, a site marked by an historic monument and plaque. After 1750, when the French had destroyed all their Lake Ontario fortification, the ruins of the earlier Fort Toronto were resurrected by fur trader Jean Bonaventure Rousseau, and run by his son Jean Baptiste Rousseau, or "St. John," as Lieutenant Governor Simcoe called him. »

[Scugog-2] Grant Karcich, Scugog Carrying Place : A Frontier Pathway, Dundurn Press (en), 2013, 264 p. (ISBN 9781459707511, lire en ligne), p. 70

[DictCdnBioJBRousseau-3] ROUSSEAUX ST JOHN, JOHN BAPTIST (baptized Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, dit Saint-Jean), fur trader, interpreter, businessman, militia officer, and office holder (lire en ligne [archive du 29 mars 2019])

« On 24 July 1793 Lieutenant Governor Simcoe urged that he be appointed his personal interpreter. Rousseaux had, Simcoe wrote to Alured Clarke*, the lieutenant governor o,f Lower Canada, 'all the requisites necessary for that office, and is equally agreeable to ... [Brant] and the Mohawks as to the Missassagas ... the only person, who possesses any great degree of influence with either of those Nations.' »

[TorontoBiographyCity-4] {a et b} Allan Levine, Toronto : Biography of a City, D & M Publishers, 2014, 33-34 p. (ISBN 9781771620437, lire en ligne)

[CreditValley1956-5] {a et b} A. H. Richardson, « Credit Valley Conservation Report 1956 », Ontario Department of Planning and Development,‎ 1956 (lire en ligne, consulté le 17 mai 2020) :
« In September 1770 Jean Bonaventure Rousseau, called St. Jean or St. John, was licensed to trade at Toronto “and from thence to any markets or parts which he should find advantageous for the sale of his merchandise", His party was to consist of one canoe with six men besides himself, and his merchandise, valued at 300, included a fair quantity of rum, a smaller amount of wine, four rifles, 300 pounds of gunpowder and 1600 pounds of shot and ball. For this license Rousseau posted a bond of 600, Provincial Currency. »

[Attachmen7-2017-06-6] « Attachment 7: West Queen West Heritage Conservation District Study », City of Toronto,‎ juin 2017, p. 24 (lire en ligne, consulté le 17 mai 2020) :
« In 1770, Jean-Bonaventure Rousseau of Montreal was both an interpreter with the Indian Department and had license to trade with the indigenous population along the Humber. Rousseau established his family’s commercial endeavors in the York area and was joined in this business by his son, Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, around 1775. »

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