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| name = ''Hagryphus'' |
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| image = Hagryphus giganteus - Natural History Museum of Utah - DSC07248.JPG |
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| image_width = 250px |
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| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton based on the related ''[[Anzu wyliei]]'', [[Natural History Museum of Utah]] |
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| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|75.95}} |
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| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Hagryphus giganteus''''' |
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| type_species_authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005 |
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| authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005 |
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}} |
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'''''Hagryphus''''' ("[[Ha (mythology)|Ha]]'s [[griffin]]"), is an [[oviraptorosauria]]n [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the Upper [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]] of what is now [[Utah]]. |
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==Discovery and naming== |
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[[File:Hagryphus.jpg|thumb|left|Silhouette showing the known hand]] |
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To date, only a single species of ''Hagryphus'' has been named in 2005 by [[Lindsay Zanno]] and [[Scott Sampson]], the [[type species]] ''Hagryphus giganteus''. The generic name is derived from Egyptian ''Ha'', the name of the god of the western desert and a Latinised [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] γρύψ (''gryps'') meaning '[[griffin]]' (a [[Greek mythology|mythological]] bird-like creature). The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means "gigantic" in [[Latin]].<ref name=Zanno2005>Zanno, L. E. and Sampson, S. D. 2005. A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4):897–904, December 2005</ref> |
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The [[holotype]] was discovered in 2002 by [[Michael Getty]] in the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] (Late [[Campanian]]) in the [[Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument]] of southern Utah. The find was scientifically reported in 2003.<ref name=Zanno2003>Zanno, L.E. & Sampson, S.D. 2003. A new caenagnathid specimen from the Kaiprowits Formation (Late Campanian) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(3):114A</ref> [[Radiometric dating]] of rocks from slightly below the rock bed where the fossil was found indicates that the specimen died 75.95 [[million years ago]].<ref name=Talos>{{Cite journal|author=Lindsay E. Zanno, David J. Varricchio, Patrick M. O'Connor, Alan L. Titus and Michael J. Knell |year=2011 |title=A new troodontid theropod, ''Talos sampsoni'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024487 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=e24487 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024487 |pmid=21949721 |pmc=3176273}}</ref> Designated '''UMNH VP 12765''', the [[type specimen]] resides in the collections of the [[Utah Museum of Natural History]] in [[Salt Lake City]]. It consists of an incomplete but articulated left manus and the [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] portion of the left radius. The hand lacks the second claw. In the wrist both the semilunate carpal bone and the radiale are preserved. Also some fragmentary foot elements, found at the hillside near the hand, have been catalogued under the same inventory number.<ref name=Zanno2005/> |
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==Size== |
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As the specific name indicates, ''Hagryphus giganteus'' was a particularly large oviraptorosaur, estimated by the describers to have been approximately three meters (10 ft) long, which makes it one of the largest members of the [[clade]] [[Oviraptorosauria]] ([[Rinchen Barsbold|Barsbold]], 1976), apart from the later described ''[[Gigantoraptor]]''. ''H. giganteus'' was estimated to have been 30-40% larger than the next largest known North American oviraptorosaur, ''[[Chirostenotes]]''. The hand of the holotype was about a foot long.<ref name=Zanno2005/> However, later estimates have been lower: [[Gregory S. Paul]] in 2010 gave a length of eight feet and a weight of fifty kilogrammes.<ref>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 150</ref> |
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==Phylogeny== |
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In 2003 Zanno & Sampson reported the new find as a member of the [[Caenagnathidae]].<ref name=Zanno2003/> However, in 2005 they limited the precision of the determination to a more general [[Oviraptorosauria]]. ''Hagryphus'' would then be the southernmost known oviraptorosaurian from the Americas.<ref name=Zanno2005/> |
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Other known [[species]] of [[North America]]n oviraptorosaurs include ''[[Elmisaurus]] rarus'', ''[[Microvenator]] celer'', and ''Chirostenotes pergracilis''. This group of dinosaurs is better known from the Cretaceous of [[Asia]], where forms such as ''[[Khaan]] mckennai'', ''[[Conchoraptor]] gracilis'' and ''[[Oviraptor]] philoceratops'' have been discovered. |
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[[Oviraptorosaur]]s are characterized by a shortened snout, massive endentulous jaws and extensively [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]] skulls, often sporting elaborate crests, the function of which remains unknown. The toothless jaws have indicate to some a diet of eggs but these theropods more likely fed on plants or small [[vertebrate]]s. Evidence suggests that they were feathered and some [[Paleontology|paleontologists]] consider them to be true [[bird]]s (see the main article [[Oviraptorosauria]] for further information). |
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==Paleoecology== |
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===Habitat=== |
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The only known specimen of ''Hagryphus'' was recovered at the [[Kaiparowits Formation]], in southern Utah. [[Argon-argon dating|Argon-argon radiometric dating]] indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>Roberts EM, Deino AL, Chan MA (2005) 40Ar/39Ar age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin. Cretaceous Res 26: 307–318.</ref><ref>Eaton, J.G., 2002. Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap(Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 02-4, Utah Geological Survey, 66 pp.</ref> During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the [[Western Interior Seaway]], a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, [[Laramidia]] to the west and [[Appalachia]] to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland [[peat]] swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms.<ref>Titus, Alan L. and Mark A. Loewen (editors). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. 2013. Indiana University Press. Hardbound: 634 pp.</ref> This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clinton|first=William|title=Preisdential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument|url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|work=September 18, 1996|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref> |
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===Paleofauna=== |
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''Hagryphus'' shared its [[natural environment|paleoenvironment]] with [[theropod]]s such as [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]]s, the [[troodontidae|troodontid]] ''[[Talos sampsoni]]'', [[ornithomimids]] like ''[[Ornithomimus|Ornithomimus velox]]'', [[tyrannosaurids]] like ''[[Albertosaurus]]'' and ''[[Teratophoneus]]'', [[ankylosauria|armored ankylosaurids]], the [[hadrosaurid|duckbilled hadrosaurs]] ''[[Parasaurolophus|Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus]]'' and ''[[Gryposaurus|Gryposaurus monumentensis]]'', and the [[ceratopsians]] ''[[Utahceratops|Utahceratops gettyi]]'', ''[[Nasutoceratops titusi]]'' and ''[[Kosmoceratops|Kosmoceratops richardsoni]]''.<ref name=ZS05>{{cite journal |last=Zanno |first=Lindsay E. |coauthors=and Sampson, Scott D. |year=2005 |title=A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=897–904 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included [[chondrichthyes|chondrichthyans]] (sharks and rays), [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s and [[crocodilia]]ns. A variety of early [[mammal]]s were present including [[multituberculate]]s, [[marsupial]]s, and [[insectivora]]ns.<ref name=ECHKP99>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Jeffrey G. |coauthors=Cifelli, Richard L.; Hutchinson, J. Howard; Kirkland, James I.; and Parrish, J. Michael |year=1999 |chapter=Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah |editor=Gillete, David D. (ed.) |title=Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah |publisher=Utah Geological Survey |location=Salt Lake City |series=Miscellaneous Publication 99-1 |pages=345–353 |isbn=1-55791-634-9 }}</ref> |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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* {{cite journal| last=Barsbold | first=Rinchen | authorlink=Rinchen Barsbold | year=1976 | title=[A new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae n. fam.) in Mongolia] | journal=[[Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR]] | volume=226 | issue=3 | pages=685–688}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category}} |
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*[http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=040306-2 University of Utah press release, "Giant Raptor Dinosaur Discovered in Utah Monument"] |
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{{Portal|Dinosaurs}} |
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[[Category:Dinosaurs of North America]] |
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[[Category:Cretaceous dinosaurs]] |
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[[Category:Oviraptorosaurs]] |
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Version du 15 avril 2014 à 03:33
Modèle:Italic titleModèle:Automatic taxobox
Hagryphus ("Ha's griffin"), is an oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Period of what is now Utah.
Discovery and naming
To date, only a single species of Hagryphus has been named in 2005 by Lindsay Zanno and Scott Sampson, the type species Hagryphus giganteus. The generic name is derived from Egyptian Ha, the name of the god of the western desert and a Latinised Greek γρύψ (gryps) meaning 'griffin' (a mythological bird-like creature). The specific name means "gigantic" in Latin.[1]
The holotype was discovered in 2002 by Michael Getty in the Kaiparowits Formation (Late Campanian) in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument of southern Utah. The find was scientifically reported in 2003.[2] Radiometric dating of rocks from slightly below the rock bed where the fossil was found indicates that the specimen died 75.95 million years ago.[3] Designated UMNH VP 12765, the type specimen resides in the collections of the Utah Museum of Natural History in Salt Lake City. It consists of an incomplete but articulated left manus and the distal portion of the left radius. The hand lacks the second claw. In the wrist both the semilunate carpal bone and the radiale are preserved. Also some fragmentary foot elements, found at the hillside near the hand, have been catalogued under the same inventory number.[1]
Size
As the specific name indicates, Hagryphus giganteus was a particularly large oviraptorosaur, estimated by the describers to have been approximately three meters (10 ft) long, which makes it one of the largest members of the clade Oviraptorosauria (Barsbold, 1976), apart from the later described Gigantoraptor. H. giganteus was estimated to have been 30-40% larger than the next largest known North American oviraptorosaur, Chirostenotes. The hand of the holotype was about a foot long.[1] However, later estimates have been lower: Gregory S. Paul in 2010 gave a length of eight feet and a weight of fifty kilogrammes.[4]
Phylogeny
In 2003 Zanno & Sampson reported the new find as a member of the Caenagnathidae.[2] However, in 2005 they limited the precision of the determination to a more general Oviraptorosauria. Hagryphus would then be the southernmost known oviraptorosaurian from the Americas.[1]
Other known species of North American oviraptorosaurs include Elmisaurus rarus, Microvenator celer, and Chirostenotes pergracilis. This group of dinosaurs is better known from the Cretaceous of Asia, where forms such as Khaan mckennai, Conchoraptor gracilis and Oviraptor philoceratops have been discovered.
Oviraptorosaurs are characterized by a shortened snout, massive endentulous jaws and extensively pneumatized skulls, often sporting elaborate crests, the function of which remains unknown. The toothless jaws have indicate to some a diet of eggs but these theropods more likely fed on plants or small vertebrates. Evidence suggests that they were feathered and some paleontologists consider them to be true birds (see the main article Oviraptorosauria for further information).
Paleoecology
Habitat
The only known specimen of Hagryphus was recovered at the Kaiparowits Formation, in southern Utah. Argon-argon radiometric dating indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period.[5][6] During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway, a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland peat swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms.[7] This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.[8]
Paleofauna
Hagryphus shared its paleoenvironment with theropods such as dromaeosaurids, the troodontid Talos sampsoni, ornithomimids like Ornithomimus velox, tyrannosaurids like Albertosaurus and Teratophoneus, armored ankylosaurids, the duckbilled hadrosaurs Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus and Gryposaurus monumentensis, and the ceratopsians Utahceratops gettyi, Nasutoceratops titusi and Kosmoceratops richardsoni.[9] Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included chondrichthyans (sharks and rays), frogs, salamanders, turtles, lizards and crocodilians. A variety of early mammals were present including multituberculates, marsupials, and insectivorans.[10]
Notes
- Zanno, L. E. and Sampson, S. D. 2005. A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4):897–904, December 2005
- Zanno, L.E. & Sampson, S.D. 2003. A new caenagnathid specimen from the Kaiprowits Formation (Late Campanian) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(3):114A
- Lindsay E. Zanno, David J. Varricchio, Patrick M. O'Connor, Alan L. Titus and Michael J. Knell, « A new troodontid theropod, Talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America », PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no 6, , e24487 (PMID 21949721, PMCID 3176273, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0024487, lire en ligne)
- Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 150
- Roberts EM, Deino AL, Chan MA (2005) 40Ar/39Ar age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin. Cretaceous Res 26: 307–318.
- Eaton, J.G., 2002. Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap(Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 02-4, Utah Geological Survey, 66 pp.
- Titus, Alan L. and Mark A. Loewen (editors). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. 2013. Indiana University Press. Hardbound: 634 pp.
- William Clinton, « Preisdential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument », September 18, 1996 (consulté le )
- Lindsay E. Zanno, « A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah », Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 25, no 4, , p. 897–904 (DOI 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2)
- (en) Jeffrey G. Eaton, Cifelli, Richard L.; Hutchinson, J. Howard; Kirkland, James I.; and Parrish, J. Michael, Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Geological Survey, coll. « Miscellaneous Publication 99-1 », , 345–353 p. (ISBN 1-55791-634-9), « Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah »
References
- Rinchen Barsbold, « [A new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae n. fam.) in Mongolia] », Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 226, no 3, , p. 685–688