Utilisateur:Le misanthrope philanthrope/Brouillon
Franzisca Bernadina Wilhelmina Elisabeth Ney (le 26 janvier 1833, à Münster — 29 juin 1907, Austin, Texas). Elisabeth Ney est une célèbre sculptrice d'origine Allemande qui à passée sa première moitiée de vie en Europe et qui y a construit une carrière. Elle a réaliser de nombreuses œuvres sculpté comme Otto von Bismarck, Giuseppe Garibaldi et King George V of Hanover. A l'âge de 39 ans, elle part, immigre au Texas avec son mari Edmund Montgomery. Ces œuvres sont devenu des pionnés de développement de l'art. C'est œuvres les plus connue dans cette seconde partie de vie fut la sulture de Sam Houston et Stephen F. Austin. Ses œuvres sont trouvables dans le Texas State Capitol, ainsi que dans le US Capitol, et au Smithsonian American Art Museum.
Jeunesse
[modifier | modifier le code]Ney est née à Münster, en Westphalia, Germany to Johann Adam Ney, a stonecarver, and his wife Anna Elizabeth on January 26, 1833. The only other surviving child in the Ney family was her older brother Fritz. Her parents were Catholics of Alsatian-Polish heritage. She was the great-niece of Michel Ney, Marshal of France. Early in life, she declared her goal "to know great persons."[1][2]
Ney est née a Munster, en Westphalie, en Allemagne à Johann Adam Ney (a stonecarver), et sa femme Anna Elizabeth le 26 Janvier 1833. le seul autre enfant qui à survécu dans la famille Nay fut leur son frere ainée Fritz. Ses parents étaient des cathioliques d'origine Alsacien Polonaise. Elle était grande nièce de MIchel Ney, Marshal de France. Plus tôt, dans sa vie, elle déclara son but "de connaitre des personnes biens".
Carrière
[modifier | modifier le code]Europe
[modifier | modifier le code]Ney grew up assisting her stonecutter father in his work. She went on a weeks-long hunger strike when her parents opposed her becoming a sculptor, prompting her parents to request the assistance of their local Catholic church's Bishop. They finally relented and in 1852, she became the first female sculpture student at the all-male Munich Academy of Art by professor Max von Widnmann. She received her diploma on July 29, 1854. After graduating she moved to Berlin to study under Christian Daniel Rauch[3],[4].
Ney opened a studio in Berlin in 1857. German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer agreed to sit for a sculpted portrait at the persuasion of Edmund Montgomery. It was hailed as an artistic success and led to other commissions, most notably Jacob Grimm of the Brothers Grimm, Italian military leader Giuseppe Garibaldi, composer Richard Wagner as well as his future wife and daughter of Franz Liszt, Cosima von Bülow, Prussian-German political figure Otto von Bismarck, and King George V of Hanover who in turn commissioned her for a portrait of composer Josef Joachim. Shortly after completing the Bismarck bust, she was commissioned in 1868 by Prussian agents to sculpt a full-length portrait of Ludwig II of Bavaria in Munich. Her works of this period were in a traditional classical German style with an emphasis on realism and accurate scale[1],[5].
Ney grandit en aidant son père tailleur de pierre, dans son travail. Elle fait pendant de nombreuses semaine une grève de la faim car ses parents étaient opposé a se qu'elle soit sculpteur ce qui incite ses parents à demander l'assistance de l'évêque de leur église catholique. Ils cèdent finalement et en 1852, elle devient le première étudiante sculptrice dans une école entièrement masculine à l'Académie d'Art de Munich grâce au professeur Max Von Widnmann. Elle reçoit son diplôme le 29 juillet 1854. Après son diplôme elle part à Berlin pour travailler avec Christian Daniel Rauch.
Ney ouvre un studio dans Berlin 1857. Le philosophe allemand Arthur Schopenhauer accepta de poser pour un portrait sculpté par Edmund Montgomery. Ce fut
United States
In the early 1880s, Ney, by then a Texas resident, was invited to Austin by Governor Oran M. Roberts, which resulted in resumption of her artistic career.[6] In 1892, she built a studio and named it Formosa in the Hyde Park neighborhood north of Austin and began to seek commissions[1],[7].
In 1891, Ney was commissioned by the Board of Lady Managers of the Chicago World's Fair Association, and supplemented with $32,000 by the Texas state legislature, to model Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin for the Chicago World's Fair in 1893.[1][8][9] The marble sculptures of Houston and Austin can now be seen in both the Texas State Capitol in Austin and in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.. She was also commissioned to do a memorial to career military officer and war hero Albert Sidney Johnston which sits at his grave in the Texas State Cemetery.[10] She also sculpted a statue of Lady Macbeth that is now in the Smithsonian American Art Museum collection. She succeeded in having political figure, presidential candidate, and noted attorney William Jennings Bryan sit for a portrait.
The 1903 life-size portrait bust of Dr. David Thomas Iglehart can be found at Symphony Square in Austin, where it is on permanent loan to the Austin Symphony Society.[11] Possibly the last known work of Ney, that of a tousled haired cherub resting over a grave and known as the 1906 Schnerr Memorial, can be found at Der Stadt Friedhof in Fredericksburg, Texas[12],[13].
In addition to her sculpting activities, Ney was also active in cultural affairs in Austin. Formosa become a center for cultural gatherings and curiosity seekers. Both composer Paderewski and Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova were among her visitors[1].
Personal life
[modifier | modifier le code]While visiting friends in Heidelberg in 1853, Ney made the acquaintance of a young Scottish medical student, scientist, and philosopher[14] named Edmund Montgomery. It would be a meeting of minds and idealist rebellious spirits. They kept in touch, although she viewed the institution of marriage as a state of bondage for women. He would not be deterred, and after he established a medical practice in Madeira, they were married at the British consulate on November 7, 1863.
Ney, however, remained outspoken about women's roles. She refused to use Montgomery's name, often denied she was even married, and once remarked:[1][2][15]
« Women are fools to be bothered with housework. Look at me; I sleep in a hammock which requires no making up. I break an egg and sip it raw. I make lemonade in a glass, and then rinse it, and my housework is done for the day. »
She wore pants and rode her horses astride as men did. She liked to fashion her own clothes, which, in addition to the slacks, included boots and a black artist frock coat[4].
Montgomery was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1863. By 1870, the Franco-Prussian War had begun. In autumn of that year, Ney became pregnant with their first child. Montgomery received a letter from his friend Baron Carl Vicco Otto Friedrich Constantin von Stralendorff of Mecklenburg-Schwerin who had moved to Thomasville, Georgia with his new wife Margaret Elizabeth Russell of Boston, Massachusetts, declaring the location "Earth's paradise."[16] On January 14, 1871, Ney and Montgomery, accompanied by their housekeeper Cenci, emigrated to Georgia, to a colony promoted as a resort for consumptives. Son Arthur (1871–1873) was born in Georgia, and son Lorne (1872–1913) was born in Red Wing, Minnesota during one of their travels.[16] Baron and Baroness von Stralendorff returned to Wismar, Germany where he died on July 1, 1872[17],[18],[19].
In 1873, Ney traveled alone to Texas. With the help of German Consul Julius Runge in Galveston, she was shown Liendo Plantation near Hempstead in Waller County, Texas. On March 4, 1873, Montgomery and the rest of the family arrived, and he purchased it. While he tended to his research, she ran it for the next twenty years. Oldest son Arthur died of diphtheria in 1873[20],[21].
Lorsqu'elle visitait Heidelberg avec ses amis en 1853, Ney a fait connaissance d'un jeune Écossais étudiant en médecine, et philosophe nommé Edmund Montgomery. Ce fut une réunion des idées et des esprits rebelles idéalistes. Ils sont restés en contact, bien qu'elle considérait l'institution du mariage comme un état de servitude pour la femme. Elle ne voudrait pas être dissuadée, et elle a fait une intervention médicale à Madère, où ils se marièrent au au Consulat Britanique le 7 novembre 1863.
Ney, cependant, est resté ouverte sur le rôle des femmes. Elle a refusé d'utiliser le nom de Montgomery, souvent nié qu'elle était encore mariée, et une fois fait remarquer :
« Women are fools to be bothered with housework. Look at me; I sleep in a hammock which requires no making up. I break an egg and sip it raw. I make lemonade in a glass, and then rinse it, and my housework is done for the day. »
Elle portait un pantalon et montait ses à cheval comme les hommes font. Elle aimait façonner ses propres vêtements, qui inclut, en plus des pantalons, des bottes et une redingote d'artiste noir.
Montgomery a eu la tuberculose en 1863. En 1870, la Guerre Franco-Prusse a commencé. En automne de cette année, Ney devient enceinte de son premier enfant. Montgomery a reçu une lettre de son amisBaron Carl Vicco Otto Friedrich Constantin von Stralendorff de Mecklenburg-Schwerin qui a déménagé à Thomasville (Géorgie) avec sa nouvelle femme Margaret Elizabeth Russell de Boston, Massachusetts, déclarant la location "Paradis de la terre". Le 14 janvier 1871, Ney et Montgomery, accompagnés de leur gouvernante Cenci, émigrée de Géorgie, vers une colonie promu comme une station pour poitrinaires. Son fils Arthur (1871-1873) est né en Géorgie, et leur fille Lorne (1872-1913) est né dans le Minesota, Red Wing durant l'un de leur voyages. Le baron et la baronne de Stralendorff retournent à Wismar, où il meurt le premier juin 1872.
En 1873, Ney voyage seule au Texas. Avec l'aide du consul allemand Julius Runge à Galveston (Texas), ils montrèrent Liendo plantation proche de Hempstead (New York) à Waller County, Texas. Le 4 mars 1873, Montgomery et le reste de sa famille arrivent, et achètent le terrain. Alors qu'il tendait à ses recherches, elle a fui pour les vingt prochaines années. Son plus vieux fils Arthur meurt d'une Diphtérie en 1873.
Death and legacy
[modifier | modifier le code]Mort et héritage
[modifier | modifier le code]Ney died in Austin on June 29, 1907 and is buried next to Montgomery, who died four years later, at Liendo Plantation[22].
Upon her death, Montgomery sold the Formosa studio to Ella Dancy Dibrell. As per her wishes, its contents were bequeathed to the University of Texas at Austin, but were to remain in the building. In 1911, Dibrell and other friends established the Texas Fine Arts Association (now known as Arthouse) in her honor. It is the oldest Texas-wide organization existing for support of the visual arts. Formosa is now the home of the Elisabet Ney Museum. In 1941, the City of Austin took over the ownership and operation[6],[9],[23].
In 1961, Lake Jackson Primary School in Lake Jackson, Texas was renamed Elisabet Ney Elementary School in her honor[24].
Ney meurt à Austin le 29 Juin 1907 et est enterré proche de Montgomery, où il finira par mourir quatre ans plus tard, à Liendo Plantation.
Sur sa mort, Montgomery a vendu le studio Formosa à Ella Dancy Dibrell. Selon ses souhaits, son contenu à été légué à l'Université du Texas à Austin, mais devait rester dans le bâtiment. En 1911, Dibrell et d'autres amis établissent l'Association du Texas des Beaux-Arts (maintenant connu comme Arthouse) en son honneur. C'est la plus vieille organisation de l’État du Texas qui existe pour supporter les arts visuels. Formosa est maintenant le lieu du Muséum d'Elisabet Ney. En 1941, la ville d'Austin a repris la propriété et l'exploitation[6],[9],[23].
En 1961, l'école primaire de Lake Jackson au Texas, Lake Jackson, a été renommée l'école élémentaire d'Elisabet Ney en son honneur[25].
Gallery
[modifier | modifier le code]
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Elisabeth Ney c. 1859 with a bust of Arthur Schopenhauer
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Elisabet Ney in her Atelier in Texas 1875
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Albert Sidney Johnston Tomb
Works (partial listing)
[modifier | modifier le code]Source: Elisabet Ney Museum in Austin, Texas
Year | Work | Location |
---|---|---|
1855 | Johann Adam Ney | Munster |
1855 | Anna Elisabeth Wernze Ney | Munster |
1855 | Tyras - Adam Ney's Dog | Munster |
1856 | Grave Stele Relief | Berlin |
1856 | Herman Weiss | Berlin |
1857 | St. Sebastian Martyr - plaster | Munster |
1857 | St. Sebastian Martyr - marble | Munster |
1857 | St. Sebastian Resurrected | Munster |
1857 | Christ Resurrected | Munster |
1858 | Jacob Grimm | Berlin |
1858 | Alexander von Humboldt | Berlin |
1858 | Cosima von Bulow | Berlin |
1859 | Arthur Schopenhauer - plaster | Frankfurt |
1859 | Arthur Schopenhauer - marble | Frankfurt |
1859 | King George V of Hanover - medallion | Hannover |
1859 | King George V of Hanover - bust | Hannover |
1859 | King George V of Hanover - colossal bust | Hannover |
1861 | Joseph Joachim | Hannover |
1861 | Eilhardt Mitscherlich | Hannover |
1861 | Ernst Herzog von Bayern | Munster |
1861 | Franz Friedrich von Furstenberg - figure | Munster |
1862 | Walter von Platenberg - study | Munster |
1862 | Walter von Platenberg - figure | Munster |
1862 | Count Englebert Vandermark - study | Munster |
1861 | Count Englebert Vandermark - figure | Munster |
1862 | Justus Moser - figure | Munster |
1863 | Ricci | England |
1863 | Elisabet Ney self-portrait | Medeira |
1863 | Thomas Taylor | England |
1863 | Genii of Mankind - plaster | England |
1863 | Self-Portrait - plaster | England |
1863 | Self-Portrait - marble | Madeira |
1864 | Edmund Montgomery - plaster | Madeira |
1864 | Edmund Montgomery - marble | Madeira |
1864 | Lady Marian Alford | Madeira |
1864 | Lord Brownlow | Madeira |
1864 | Genii of Mankind - marble | Italy |
1865 | Giuseppe Garibaldi - statuette | Italy |
1865 | Giuseppe Garibaldi - plaster | Italy |
1865 | Giuseppe Garibaldi - marble | Italy |
1865 | Prometheus Bound | Austria |
1867 | Otto von Bismarck - plaster | Berlin |
1867 | Otto von Bismarck - marble | Berlin |
1867 | Amalie Weiss Joachim | Hannover |
1868 | Friedrich Woehler - bust | Munich |
1868 | Friedrich Woehler - colossal bust | Munich |
1868 | Baron Justus von Liebig - bust | Munich |
1868 | Baron Justus von Liebig - colossal bust | Munich |
1868 | Mercury - study | Munich |
1868 | Mercury - colossal figure | Munich |
1868 | Iris - study | Munich |
1868 | Iris - full figure | Munich |
1868 | Draped Figure - study | Munich |
1868 | Male Figure - study | Munich |
1868 | Frieze - study | Munich |
1868 | Fountain - study | Munich |
1868 | Count Georg von Werthern | Munich |
1868 | King Ludwig II - plaster | Munich |
1868 | King Ludwig II - marble | Munich |
1868 | King Ludwig II - life-size plaster | Munich |
1868 | King Ludwig II - life-size marble | Munich |
1874 | Lorne Ney Montgomery - castings | Texas |
1885 | Oran M. Roberts - plaster | Texas |
1885 | Oran M. Roberts - marble | Texas |
1886 | Lorne Ney Montgomery | Texas |
1887 | Johanna Runge | Texas |
1887 | Julius Runge | Texas |
1892 | Benedette Tobin | Texas |
1892 | Sam Houston as Young Man - plaster bust | Texas |
1892 | Sam Houston as Older Man - bronze bust | Texas |
1892 | Sam Houston - life-size plaster | Texas |
1892 | Sam Houston - life-size marble | Texas |
1892 | Stephen F. Austin - study | Texas |
1892 | Stephen F. Austin - plaster bust | Texas |
1893 | Stephen F. Austin - life-size plaster | Texas |
1893 | Stephen F. Austin - life-size marble | Texas |
1893 | Governor W.P. Hardeman - plaster | Texas |
1893 | Governor W.P. Hardeman - marble | Texas |
1895 | Carrie Pease Graham - plaster | Texas |
1895 | Carrie Pease Graham - marble | Texas |
1895 | Senator John H. Reagan - plaster | Texas |
1895 | Senator John H. Reagan - marble | Texas |
1895 | Governor Francis R. Lubbock - plaster | Texas |
1895 | Governor Francis R. Lubbock - marble | Texas |
1896 | Paula Ebers - plaster | Berlin |
1896 | Paula Ebers - marble | Berlin |
1896 | Unknown Female Philanthropist | Berlin |
1896 | Unknown girl | Berlin |
1896 | Unknown woman | Berlin |
1896 | Dancing Maenid | Berlin |
1897 | Bride Neill Taylor - medallion | Texas |
1897 | Margaret Runge Rose - plaster | Texas |
1897 | Margaret Runge Rose - bronze | Texas |
1899 | Sir Swante Palm - plaster | Texas |
1899 | Sir Swante Palm - marble | Texas |
1899 | Lilly Haynie | Texas |
1899 | Steiner Burleson - plaster | Texas |
1899 | Steiner Burleson - marble | Texas |
1899 | William Jennings Bryan - plaster | Texas |
1899 | William Jennings Bryan - marble | Texas |
1900 | Guy M. Bryan - medallion | Texas |
1901 | Senator Joseph Dibrell - plaster | Texas |
1901 | Senator Joseph Dibrell - marble | Texas |
1901 | Ella Dancy Dibrell - medallion | Texas |
1901 | Governor Joseph Sayers - plaster | Texas |
1902 | Governor Joseph Sayers - marble | Texas |
1902 | Governor Sul Ross - plaster | Texas |
1902 | Governor Sul Ross - marble | Texas |
1902 | Bust of Christ | Texas |
1902 | Albert Sidney Johnston - bust | Texas |
1902 | Albert Sidney Johnston - life-size plaster | Texas |
1902 | Albert Sidney Johnston - life-size marble | Texas |
1902 | Jacob Bickler - medallion | Texas |
1902 | Lady Macbeth - study | Texas |
1902 | Lady Macbeth - life-size plaster | Texas |
1902 | Lady Macbeth - life-size marble | Texas |
1903 | Dr. David Thomas Iglehart - plaster | Texas |
1902 | Dr. David Thomas Iglehart - bronze | Texas |
1903 | Miller Baby cast | Texas |
1904 | Helen Marr Kirby | Texas |
1905 | Dr. William Lamdin Prather | Texas |
1906 | Schnerr Memorial - wax | Texas |
1906 | Schnerr Memorial - plaster | Texas |
1906 | Schnerr Memorial - marble | Texas |
References
[modifier | modifier le code]- (en) Francis Edward Abernathy, Legendary Ladies of Texas, University of North Texas Press, , 95–105 p. (ISBN 978-0-929398-75-4)
- (en) Suzann Ledbetter, Shady Ladies: Nineteen Surprising and Rebellious American Women, Forge Books, , 179–192 p. (ISBN 978-0-7653-0827-6)
- (en) Peggy A Reimers, Lone Star Legends, P.A. Reimers, , 1–5 p. (ISBN 978-1-4276-0624-2)
- (en) Donna Ingham, You Know You're in Texas When..., Globe Pequot, (ISBN 978-0-7627-3811-3), p. 69
- « Elisabet Ney Education 1863-1857 », City of Austin Parks and Recreation Dept (consulté le )
- (en) Carol Morris Little, A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas, University of Texas Press, , 4–6 p. (ISBN 978-0-292-76034-9)
- « Elisabet Ney-Formosa studio », City of Austin Parks and Recreation Dept (consulté le )
- (en) Andrea Walton, Women and Philanthropy in Education, Indiana University Press, (ISBN 978-0-253-34466-3), p. 248
- James D Fisher, « Elisabet Ney Museum », Handbook of Texas online, Texas State Historical Association (consulté le )
- (en) David Baird, Frommer's San Antonio and Austin, Frommers, (ISBN 978-0-470-43789-6), p. 232
- Little, Carol Morris, 1996, p75
- (en) « Elizabeth Emma Schneider Schnerr », sur Find a Grave
- « Elizabeth Emma Schneider Schnerr », Der Stadt Friedhof, Fredericksburg Genealogical Society (consulté le )
- http://lsjunction.com/people/ney.htm
- Barbara Lau, « The Woman Who Found The Women », The Alcalde, , p. 14
- « Elisabet Ney Emigration 1871-1873 », City of Austin Parks and Recreation Dept (consulté le )
- (en) New England Historic Genealogical Society Staff, The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, New England Historic Genealogical Society Staff, , p. 291
- (en) Ira Kendrick Stephens, The Hermit Philosopher of Liendo, Southern Methodist University Press, , p. 136
- « Edmund Montgomery and Elisabet Ney papers », SMU (consulté le )
- « Elisabet Ney Liendo 1873-1891 », City of Austin Parks and Recreation Dept (consulté le )
- (en) Betty Smith Meischen, From Jamestown to Texas, IUniverse, , 43–45 p. (ISBN 978-0-595-24223-8)
- « Liendo Plantation » (consulté le )
- (en) Rebecca S Cohen, Art Guide Texas: Museums, Art Centers, Alternative Spaces, and Nonprofit Galleries, University of Texas Press, (ISBN 978-0-292-71230-0), p. 305
- « Lake Jackson Elementary School », Brazosport ISD (consulté le )
- « Lake Jackson Elementary School », Brazosport ISD (consulté le )
Additional sources
[modifier | modifier le code]- Selected Bibliography, Elisabet Ney Museum
- Cutrer, Emily Fourmy, The Art of the Woman: The Life and Work of Elisabet Ney, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1988 (ISBN 0-8032-1438-3)
- Fortune, Jan and Jean Barton, Elisabet Ney, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1943
- Hendricks, Patricia D. and Becky Duval Reese, A Century of Sculpture in Texas: 1889 - 1989 (exhibition catalog), Archer M. Huntington Art Gallery, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1989
- Little, Carol Morris, A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1996 (ISBN 0-292-76034-5)
Elisabet Ney in fiction
[modifier | modifier le code]Ney appears as a character in the novel A Twist at the End: A Novel of O. Henry (Simon & Schuster, 2000) by Steven Saylor.