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La Maison d'échecs d'Erevan, fondée en 1970[1]
Deux hommes qui jouent aux échecs au Vernissage d'Erevan

Les échecs sont un jeu de stratégie joués en Arménie depuis le début du Moyen Âge. Cependant, il a été institutionalisé durant la soviétisation de l'Arménie[2]. De nos jours, les échecs sont très populaires en Arménie[3]’[4]’[5]. Les échecs ont acquis une grande reconnaissance durant les années 1960, surtout quand le grand maître arménien soviétique, Tigran Petrossian est devenu le Champion du monde d'échecs[2]’[6]. L'Arménie a une population de trois millions habitants. Il est considérée comme l'une des nations d'échecs les plus fortes[7]’[8]. L'Arménie est l'un des pays qui a le plus de grands maîtres d'échecs par habitant[9].

Depuis son indépendance, l'équipe masculine d'échecs a gagné le Championnat d'Europe d'échecs des nations (1999), le Championnat du monde d'échecs par équipes (2011) et l'Olympiade d'échecs (2006, 2008, 2012). L'équipe féminine, quant à elle, a gagné le Championnat Européen, en 2003. Levon Aronian, le meilleur joueur d'échecs arménien, s'est classé au deuxième rang mondial selon le classement mondial FIDE et il a été un Champion du monde à six occasions.

Depuis l'année scolaire 2011-2012, les leçons d'échecs ont été intégrées dans le curriculum de toutes les écoles publiques en Arménie, ce qui en fait le premier pays au monde à rendre les échecs obligatoires dans les écoles[10]’[11].

Nom[modifier | modifier le code]

Until the early 20th century, chess was known in Armenian as čatrak (ճատրակ), from Middle Persian chatrang.[12][13] Today, that term—pronounced jadrag[14]—is only used in Western Armenian, which is spoken in the Armenian diaspora.[15][16] In modern Eastern Armenian, which is the variation of Armenian used in Armenia, chess is known as šaxmat շախմատ Modèle:IPA-hy. It is derived from Russian šáxmaty (шахматы), itself a derivative from Persian šâh mât (شاه مات), literally meaning "the king is at a loss" or "the king is helpless."[17] The latter Persian phrase is also the etymology of the English checkmate.[18]

History[modifier | modifier le code]

Early history[modifier | modifier le code]

In their 1936 book on the history of chess, historians Joseph Orbeli and Kamilla Trever suggest that chess was known in Armenia since at least the 9th century, when Armenia was under Arab rule.[19] According to them, the game was brought to Armenia by the Arabs from India, where the game is believed to have been originated in the 6th century as Chaturanga.[19][20] In 1967, chess pieces were found in the citadel of Dvin, the medieval Armenian capital.[21] Chess is mentioned in manuscripts from the 12th–13th centuries, kept in the Matenadaran in Yerevan, including a 13th-century manuscript by Vardan Areveltsi.[22] Until the mid-20th century villagers in Shenavan near Aparan used homemade chess figures similar to medieval ones.[19][23]

Soviet period[modifier | modifier le code]

Chess in Armenia was institutionalized after the establishment of Soviet rule in 1920.[24] In 1926–27, by the initiative of chemist Simon Hovyan (1869–1942), sections about chess started appearing in many Armenian newspapers. Hovyan contributed to the popularization of chess in Armenia by giving lectures about the game and translating books by Emanuel Lasker, Ilya Maizelis (ru), and Yakov Rokhlin (ru) into Armenian.r

A 1996 Armenian postage stamp depicting Tigran Petrosian and the Yerevan Chess House

The first chess competitions were held in 1927, when the Armenian Chess Federation was founded.[1] Until 1934 chess players from Armenia competed in the Transcaucasian championship. In 1934 the first Armenian Chess Championship was held in Yerevan. Genrikh Kasparyan became its winner. In later years Kasparyan won the championship nine times and became the most-titled Armenian chess player with ten national championship wins. The women's championship was also held the same year, Sirush Makints and Margarita Mirza-Avagian shared the champion title.[25] The first Armenian chess club was founded in 1936. Chess clubs were also founded in Leninakan (now Gyumri) and Kirovakan (now Vanadzor) in the 1950s.r

Chess became particularly popular with the unprecedented success of Tigran Petrosian in the 1960s. Born in Tiflis, the current capital of Armenia's neighbor Georgia, he started his ascent in Armenia with a 1946 victory at the national championship. He then won the Soviet champion title four times (1959, 1961, 1969, 1975). In 1963 Petrosian became the World Chess Champion, defeating Mikhail Botvinnik, another Soviet representative. Petrosian's victory not only popularized the game of chess, but also "led to an outpouring of patriotic fervour" in the smallest Soviet republic. "From that moment on, chess became a national obsession."[26] Many couples named their sons Tigran, after Petrosian.[26] Besides being World Champion for six years (1963 to 1969), Petrosian won the Chess Olympiad nine times with the Soviet team (1958 to 1974).[27]

In 1962, there were 30,000 chess players in Soviet Armenia, as well as 3,000 instructors and judges. By 1986 the number of chess players had increased to 50,000, including three grandmasters: Rafael Vaganian, Smbat Lputian, and Arshak Petrosian.r In the late Soviet period, Rafael Vaganian (1989)[28] and Artashes Minasian (1991)[29] became Soviet Champions. Vaganian also won the Olympiad with the Soviet team twice in 1984 and 1986.[30]

Independent Armenia[modifier | modifier le code]

Armenia gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, Armenian chess players have had the opportunity to represent the Republic of Armenia. Three major chess tournaments have taken place in independent Armenia: the 32nd Chess Olympiad was held at the Sports & Music Complex in Yerevan in 1996;[31] the 2001 World Team Chess Championship and the 2014 European Individual Chess Championship were held at the Yerevan Opera Theater.[32][33]

Armenia earned its first medal at the 1992 Chess Olympiad, finishing third.[34] Armenia won bronze medals at the 2002 and 2004 Olympiads as well.[35][36] The Armenian team made a breakthrough with the sensational victory at the 2006 Chess Olympiad.[37] They also won the 2008[38] and 2012 Chess Olympiads.[39] Their record at the World Team Championships has been similarly outstanding, finishing third in 1997,[40] 2001,[41] and 2005,[42] and winning in 2011.[43] At the European championships the team performed somewhat more poorly, placing third in 1997,[44] first in 1999, and second in 2007.[45]

Children playing at an outdoor chess set in Charles Aznavour Square of Yerevan

In 2011, the Ministry of Education of Armenia made chess part of the primary school curriculum along with such standards as math and history for children over the age of 6.[46][47] Chess is compulsory for second, third and fourth graders.[11] Over $1.5 million was spent on the program. The inclusion of chess in schools was generally received positively by the public, but some parents claimed that their children's school program was already complicated and overloaded.[48] Grandmaster Smbat Lputian argued that "bringing chess into schools is the best way to build the future."[49] Grandmaster Rafael Vaganian criticized the program as "farce."[50]

The decision was widely reported in the international media. Journalists, chess experts and officials in various countries praised the program and advised its adoption in their respective countries.[51][52] During his visit to Armenia in 2014 Magnus Carlsen stated: "I think Armenia's experience of teaching chess in schools is a great example for the whole world."[53]

On December 12, 2019 the United Nations (UN) designated 20 July as World Chess Day as proposed by the Armenian delegation. It marks the date in 1924 when the International Chess Federation was established.[54]

Diaspora arménienne[modifier | modifier le code]

A number of ethnic Armenian chess players have achieved success outside of Armenia.

In 1985, Garry Kasparov, born in Baku, Soviet Azerbaijan to an Armenian mother and Russian Jewish father,[55] became World Champion. Although he never represented Armenia and is only half-Armenian, some sources preferred to call him Armenian,[56] partly because his last name is the Russified form of his mother's Armenian last name Kasparyan.[57]

Other notable Armenian diaspora chess players include Yury Dokhoian (Russia), Levon Ashotovich Grigorian (Uzbekistan), Tatev Abrahamyan, Samuel Sevian, Varuzhan Akobian, Melikset Khachiyan (United States), and Natalia Khoudgarian (Canada).

Institutions[modifier | modifier le code]

The national governing body for chess, the Armenian Chess Federation, was founded in 1927.[1] Serzh Sargsyan, then Defense Minister, was elected its president in 2004 and was reelected in 2011.[58] Sargsyan "is known for enthusiastically supporting Armenian chess players."[51] On one occasion, Sargsyan stated that "We don't want people to know Armenia just for the earthquake and the genocide. We would rather it was famous for its chess."[26] The Armenian government provides grandmasters with salaries and perks.[6][11]

The Chess Academy of Armenia (Հայաստանի շախմատի ակադեմիա) is a leading education institutions of chess in Armenia. It was founded in 2002 by the initiative of Grandmaster Smbat Lputian and supported by then-Prime Minister Andranik Margaryan. The academy has also organized international and national chess tournaments.[59]

National championship[modifier | modifier le code]

The first Armenian championship occurred in 1934 when it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR. Championships were held sporadically in the Armenian SSR until 1945, when they became an annual event; this practice has been continued in independent Armenia. Genrikh Kasparyan has won it the most times (10 times), followed by Ashot Anastasian (8 times), Levon Grigorian (6 times) and Artashes Minasian (6 times).[60]

The first woman's championship also took place in 1934, but was not held again till 1939. Some of the most notable women champions include Elina Danielian (6 times), Lilit Mkrtchian (4 times) and Siranush Andriasian (3 times).[25]

Media[modifier | modifier le code]

In 1972, the magazine Chess in Armenia (Շախմատային Հայաստան Shakhmatayin Hayastan) was founded by Gaguik Oganessian. It was published monthly until 1997, when it became a weekly magazine.[61] In 1972, the TV show Chess-64 (originally named Chess School) started to be aired by the Public Television of Armenia. Hosted by Gaguik Oganessian, it is the "longest lived program series" in the channel's history.[62] Another more recently created show, Chess World, is aired after the First News.[63]

Statistiques individuelles[modifier | modifier le code]

FIDE, the World Chess Federation, lists 24 active Armenian grandmasters, 4 woman grandmasters, 17 international masters and 4 woman international masters.[64]

Hommes[modifier | modifier le code]

The Top 10 Armenian grandmasters as of September 2018 are listed below.[65]

# Joueur Année de naissance Titre GMI Classement Classement international[note 1]
1 Aronian, LevonLevon Aronian 1982 2000 2780 6
2 Sargissian, GabrielGabriel Sargissian 1983 2002 2691 50
3 Melkumyan, HrantHrant Melkumyan 1989 2008 2660 86
4 Akopian, VladimirVladimir Akopian 1971 1991 2650 101
5 Movsesian, SergeiSergei Movsesian 1978 1997 2645 113
6 Hovhannisyan, RobertRobert Hovhannisyan 1991 2010 2621 166
7 Andriasian, ZavenZaven Andriasian 1989 2006 2603 217
8 Pashikian, ArmanArman Pashikian 1987 2007 2599 230
9 Petrossian, Tigran L.Tigran L. Petrossian 1984 2004 2598 232
10 Martirosyan, Haik M.Haik M. Martirosyan 2000 2017 2597 240

Levon Aronian is currently No. 6 in the FIDE World Rankings. He won the Chess World Cup in 2005 and 2017.[66]

Femmes[modifier | modifier le code]

The Top 10 women Armenian chess players are listed below as of September 2018.[67]

Armenian women players in FIDE Top 100
Elina Danielian (#54)
Lilit Mkrtchian (#76)
# Player Birth year Title Rating World rank[note 2]
1 Danielian, ElinaElina Danielian 1978 GM 2409 54
2 Mkrtchian, LilitLilit Mkrtchian 1982 IM 2384 76
3 Sargsyan, Anna M.Anna M. Sargsyan 2001 WIM 2331 138
4 Kursova, MariaMaria Kursova 1986 WGM 2289 208
5 Andriasian, SiranushSiranush Andriasian 1986 WIM 2286 215
6 Galojan, LilitLilit Galojan 1983 IM 2285 216
7 Gevorgyan, MariaMaria Gevorgyan 1994 WIM 2209 409
8 Ghukasyan, SiranushSiranush Ghukasyan (en) 1998 WIM 2207 424
9 Babayan, ArmineArmine Babayan (en) 1990 - 2189 470
10 Gaboyan, SusannaSusanna Gaboyan 2001 WIM 2114 783

Team records[modifier | modifier le code]

Chess Olympiads[modifier | modifier le code]

Article connexe : Chess Olympiad.
A billboard in central Yerevan celebrating Armenia's victory at the 38th Chess Olympiad. It shows members of the Armenian team with the caption "The Kings of Chess".
Open
Year Event Location Players Position Ref
1992 30th Chess Olympiad Drapeau des Philippines Manila, Philippines Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Minasian, A. Petrosian, Anastasian Médaille de bronze [34]
1994 31st Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Russie Moscow, Russia Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Anastasian, Minasian, Yegiazarian 13 [68]
1996 32nd Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Arménie Yerevan, Armenia Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, A. Petrosian 5 [69]
1998 33rd Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Russie Elista, Russia Vaganian, Lputian, Akopian, Minasian, Asrian, Anastasian 16 [70]
2000 34th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Turquie Istanbul, Turkey Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Asrian, Sargissian 17 [71]
2002 35th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Slovénie Bled, Slovenia Akopian, Lputian, Asrian, Sargissian, Minasian, Anastasian Médaille de bronze [35]
2004 36th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Espagne Calviá, Spain Akopian, Aronian, Vaganian, Lputian, Sargissian, Minasian Médaille de bronze [36]
2006 37th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Italie Turin, Italy Aronian, Akopian, Asrian, Lputian, Sargissian, Minasian Médaille d'or [37]
2008 38th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Allemagne Dresden, Germany Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, T. Petrosian, Minasian Médaille d'or [38]
2010 39th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Russie Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Pashikian, Grigoryan 7 [72]
2012 40th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Turquie Istanbul, Turkey Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, T. Petrosian Médaille d'or [39]
2014 41st Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Norvège Tromsø, Norway Aronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Akopian, Kotanjian 8
2016 42nd Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Azerbaïdjan Baku, Azerbaijan did not participate — —
2018 43rd Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Géorgie Batumi, Georgia Aronian, Sargissian, Melkumyan, Hovhannisyan, Martirosyan 8 [73]
Women's
Year Event Location Players Position Ref
1992 30th Chess Olympiad Drapeau des Philippines Manila, Philippines Aslanian, Khalafian, Danielian, Karakashian 33 [74]
1994 31st Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Russie Moscow, Russia Danielian, Aslanian, Grigorian, Airapetian 24 [75]
1996 32nd Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Arménie Yerevan, Armenia Danielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian, Khalafian 20 [76]
1998 33rd Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Russie Elista, Russia Danielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian, Aginian 21 [77]
2000 34th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Turquie Istanbul, Turkey Danielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian, Aginian 10 [78]
2002 35th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Slovénie Bled, Slovenia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian, Galojan 15 [79]
2004 36th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Espagne Calviá, Spain Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian 11 [36]
2006 37th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Italie Turin, Italy Mkrtchian, Danielian, Aginian, Andriasian 8 [80]
2008 38th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Allemagne Dresden, Germany Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Galojan, Andriasian 6 [81]
2010 39th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Russie Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Aginian, Kharatian 11 [82]
2012 40th Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Turquie Istanbul, Turkey Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Hairapetian 6 [83]
2014 41st Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Norvège Tromsø, Norway Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Sargsyan 5
2016 42nd Chess Olympiad Drapeau de l'Azerbaïdjan Baku, Azerbaijan did not participate
2018 43rd Chess Olympiad Drapeau de la Géorgie Batumi, Georgia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Sargsyan, Kursova, Ghukasyan

World Team Championships[modifier | modifier le code]

Article connexe : World Team Chess Championship.
Men's
Year Location Players Position Ref
1993 Drapeau de la Suisse Lucerne, Switzerland Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Petrosian 4 [84]
1997 Drapeau de la Suisse Lucerne, Switzerland Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Khachiyan Médaille de bronze [40]
2001 Drapeau de l'Arménie Yerevan, Armenia Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Asrian, Anastasian, Minasian Médaille de bronze [41]
2005 Drapeau d’Israël Beersheba, Israel Aronian, Akopian, Asrian, Vaganian, Lputian, Anastasian Médaille de bronze [42]
2010 Drapeau de la Turquie Bursa, Turkey Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Pashikian, Petrosian, Kotanjian 5 [85]
2011 Drapeau de la République populaire de Chine Ningbo, China Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Hovhannisyan Médaille d'or [43]
2013 Drapeau de la Turquie Antalya, Turkey Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Petrosian 5 [86]
2015 Drapeau de l'Arménie Tsakhkadzor, Armenia Aronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Akopian, Melkumyan Médaille de bronze
2017 Drapeau de la Russie Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia did not participate
Women's
Year Location Players Position Ref
2007 Drapeau de la Russie Yekaterinburg, Russia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian, Aghabekian 8 [87]
2009 Drapeau de la République populaire de Chine Ningbo, China Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Aginian, Andriasian 5 [88]
2011 Drapeau de la Turquie Mardin, Turkey Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Aginian 6 [89]
2013 Drapeau du Kazakhstan Astana, Kazakhstan did not participate[90]
2015 Drapeau de la République populaire de Chine Chengdu, China Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Gaboyan 7
2017 Drapeau de la Russie Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia did not participate

European Team Championships[modifier | modifier le code]

Men's
Article connexe : European Team Chess Championship.
Armenia vs Azerbaijan at the 2011 European Team Chess Championship. Levon Aronian (left) and Teimour Radjabov (right) pictured in the foreground.
Year Location Players Position Ref
1992 Drapeau de la Hongrie Debrecen, Hungary Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian 19 [91]
1997 Drapeau de la Croatie Pula, Croatia Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian Médaille de bronze [44]
1999 Drapeau de la Géorgie Batumi, Georgia Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Petrosian Modèle:Gold1 [92]
2001 Drapeau de l'Espagne León, Spain did not participate[93]
2003 Drapeau de la Bulgarie Plovdiv, Bulgaria did not participate[94]
2005 Drapeau de la Suède Gothenburg, Sweden Akopian, Aronian, Vaganian, Lputian, Anastasian 12 [95]
2007 Drapeau de la Grèce Heraklion, Greece Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Asrian, Lputian Modèle:Silver2 [45]
2009 Drapeau de la Serbie Novi Sad, Serbia Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Pashikian, Petrosian 4 [96]
2011 Drapeau de la Grèce Porto Carras, Greece Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Hovhannisyan 4 [97]
2013 Drapeau de la Pologne Warsaw, Poland Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Petrosian 4 [98]
2015 Drapeau de l'Islande Reykjavik, Iceland Aronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Melkumyan, Grigoryan Modèle:Silver2 [45]
2017 Drapeau de la Grèce Halkidiki, Greece
Women's
Year Location Players Position Ref
1992 Drapeau de la Hongrie Debrecen, Hungary Aslanian, Hlgatian, Grigorian 19 [99]
1997 Drapeau de la Croatie Pula, Croatia Danielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian 5 [100]
1999 Drapeau de la Géorgie Batumi, Georgia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian 5 [101]
2001 Drapeau de l'Espagne León, Spain did not participate[102]
2003 Drapeau de la Bulgarie Plovdiv, Bulgaria Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian Modèle:Gold1 [103]
2005 Drapeau de la Suède Gothenburg, Sweden Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian, Galojan 6 [104]
2007 Drapeau de la Grèce Heraklion, Greece Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian, Aghabekian Modèle:Bronze3 [105]
2009 Drapeau de la Serbie Novi Sad, Serbia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Aginian, Andriasian 5 [106]
2011 Drapeau de la Grèce Porto Carras, Greece Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Aginian 7 [107]
2013 Drapeau de la Pologne Warsaw, Poland Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Hairapetian 5 [108]

Club championships[modifier | modifier le code]

In 1995, the Yerevan city club won the European Chess Club Cup men's tournament.[109] In 2006, the Yerevan MIKA club won the European Club Cup women's tournament.[110]

Références[modifier | modifier le code]

Notes

  1. ↑ active players only
  2. ↑ active female players only

Citations

  1. ↑ a b et c « Info – Federation », Armenian Chess Federation (consulté le )
  2. ↑ a et b (en) « In Armenia chess is king and grandmasters are stars », The Independent,‎ (lire en ligne)
  3. ↑ (en) « Compulsory chess lessons might be making Armenia's kids supersmart », Microsoft,‎ (lire en ligne)
  4. ↑ (en) Shant Shahrigian, « Learning Chess in Elementary School », The World, Public Radio International,‎ (lire en ligne)
  5. ↑ Garry Kasparov has compared the popularity of chess in Armenia with the popularity of football (soccer) in Latin America. (en) « Garry Kasparov: "There's No Doubt That Carlsen Is the Strongest Player" », Chess-News.ru,‎ (lire en ligne)
  6. ↑ a et b (en) Joe Parkinson, « Winning Move: Chess Reigns as Kingly Pursuit in Armenia », The Wall Street Journal,‎ (lire en ligne)
  7. ↑ (en) Stephen Moss, « Armenia's killer chess move », The Guardian,‎ (lire en ligne) :

    « Armenia is an obsessive chess-playing country, one of the strongest in the world despite a population that is the same as – yes, you guessed it – Wales. »
  8. ↑ (en) « Armenia: the cleverest nation on earth », BBC World Service,‎ (lire en ligne)
  9. ↑ (en) « Armenia Wins World Chess Title, Ukraine Takes Third », Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,‎ (lire en ligne) :

    « Chess has been one of Armenia's most popular sports since Tigran Petrosian, a Tbilisi-born Armenian, became a world champion in 1963. The country currently boasts one of the largest per capita numbers of chess grandmasters in the world. »
  10. ↑ (en) Nina Akhmeteli, « Chess lessons introduced to the curriculum in Armenian schools », BBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  11. ↑ a b et c (en) Gayatri; Felix Parameswaran; Gaedtke, « Chess mania captures Armenia's attention », Al Jazeera,‎ (lire en ligne)
  12. ↑ (hy) Hrachia Adjarian, Հայերեն Արմատական Բառարան [Armenian Etymological Dictionary], vol. 3, Yerevan University Press,‎ , 190
  13. ↑ (hy) Tigran Petrosian et G. Hakobian, « Շախմատ [Chess] », dans Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia, vol. 8, Yerevan, Armenian Encyclopedia,‎ , 514–515 p.
  14. ↑ (en) Nicholas Awde et Davidian, Vazken-Khatchig, Western Armenian Dictionary & Phrasebook, New York, Hippocrene Books, (ISBN 978-0-7818-1048-7), p. 168
  15. ↑ (hy) « Լեւոն Արոնեան Կը Շարունակէ Մնալ Աշխարհի Երկրորդ Լաւագոյն Ճատրակ Խաղացողը [Levon Aronian Continues to Remain Second Best Chess Player] », Asbarez, Los Angeles,‎ (lire en ligne)
  16. ↑ (hy) « Ճատրակ. Եւրոպայի Անհատական Ախոյեանութիւն. Հայրենի Վարպետներուն Ապահոված Կէտերը' 4-րդ Հանգրուանի Մրցումներէն Ետք [Chess: European Individual Championship: Armenian Masters Placed Fourth] », Aztag, Beirut, Lebanon,‎ (lire en ligne)
  17. ↑ (en) Chess: East and West, Past and Present, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, , xxv
  18. ↑ Douglas Harper et Dan McCormack, « Online Etymology Dictionary » (consulté le )
  19. ↑ a b et c (ru) Joseph Orbeli et Kamilla Trever, {{Ouvrage}} : paramètre titre manquant, Saint Petersburg, State Hermitage, (OCLC 82233681), p. 195
  20. ↑ (en) United States Chess Federation et Kurzdorfer, Peter, The Everything Chess Basics Book, Avon, Massachusetts, Adams Media, (ISBN 978-1-4405-2229-1), p. 2 :

    « Chess is a descendant of a game called Chaturanga believed to have originated in India in the sixth century and which may have been related to a much older Chinese game. »
  21. ↑ (hy) Karo Ghafadarian, « Հնագիտական աշխատանքը Հայաստանում սովետական շրջանում [Archaeological Research in Armenia in Soviet Years] », Patma-Banasirakan Handes, Yerevan, Armenian Academy of Sciences, no 3,‎ , p. 16 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
  22. ↑ Robert W. Thomson, « The Historical Compilation of Vardan Arewelcʿi », Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 43,‎ , p. 192 (lire en ligne)
  23. ↑ (hy) Babken N. Arakelian, « Ակադեմիկոս Հովսեփ Օրբելի (Ծննդյան 90-ամյակի առթիվ) [Academician Hovsep Orbeli (on his 90th birth anniversary)] », Patma-Banasirakan Handes, Yerevan, Armenian National of Sciences, no 1,‎ , p. 27 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
  24. ↑ Modèle:Cite dictionary
  25. ↑ a et b « All Women's Champions of Armenia », Chess in Armenia Magazine (consulté le )
  26. ↑ a b et c (en) « Armenia revels in its chess prowess », BBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  27. ↑ « Petrosian, Tigran », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  28. ↑ « Vaganian Rafael Artemovich », Chess Network Company (consulté le )
  29. ↑ « Minasian Artashes », Chess Network Company (consulté le )
  30. ↑ « Vaganian, Rafael », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  31. ↑ « 32nd Chess Olympiad: Yerevan 1996 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  32. ↑ « 5th World Team Chess Championship: Yerevan 2001 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  33. ↑ (en) « European Individual Chess Championship launches in Yerevan », Armenpress,‎ (lire en ligne)
  34. ↑ a et b « 30th Chess Olympiad: Manila 1992 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  35. ↑ a et b « 35th Chess Olympiad: Bled 2002 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  36. ↑ a b et c « 36th Chess Olympiad: Calvia 2004 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  37. ↑ a et b « 37th Chess Olympiad: Turin 2006 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  38. ↑ a et b « 38th Chess Olympiad: Dresden 2008 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  39. ↑ a et b « 40th Olympiad Istanbul 2012 Open tournament » [archive du ], Turkish Chess Federation (consulté le )
  40. ↑ a et b « 4th World Team Chess Championship: Lucerne 1997 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  41. ↑ a et b « 5th World Team Chess Championship: Yerevan 2001 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  42. ↑ a et b « 6th World Team Chess Championship: Beer Sheva 2005 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  43. ↑ a et b « 8th World Team Chess Championship: Ningbo 2011 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  44. ↑ a et b « 11th European Team Chess Championship: Pula 1997 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  45. ↑ a b et c « 16th European Team Chess Championship: Heraklion 2007 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  46. ↑ (en) « Armenia Introduces Chess As Mandatory School Subject », Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,‎ (lire en ligne)
  47. ↑ (en) « Armenia makes chess compulsory in schools », The Guardian,‎ (lire en ligne)
  48. ↑ (en) Julia Hakobyan, « Reading, Writing, Chess: Experts evaluate Armenia's progress on introducing the oldest board game at primary schools », ArmeniaNow,‎ (lire en ligne)
  49. ↑ (en) Marianna Grigoryan, « Armenia: Can Chess "Build the Country's Future?" », EurasiaNet,‎ (lire en ligne)
  50. ↑ (hy) « Գրոսմայստեր Ռաֆայել Վահանյանը դեմ է դպրոցներում շախմատի դասավանդմանը », A1plus,‎ (lire en ligne)
  51. ↑ a et b (en) Michael Fraiman, « Armenia’s gambit to become chess superpower », National Post, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  52. ↑ (en) Alex Berezow, « Why Chess Should Be Required in U.S. Schools », Pacific Standard,‎ (lire en ligne)
  53. ↑ (en) « Carlsen: World should take example from Armenia », sport.news.am,‎ (lire en ligne)
  54. ↑ « General Assembly Adopts Three Resolutions on Culture of Peace, Highlighting Need to Foster Interreligious Dialogue, Moderate Social Media » [archive du ], sur un.org,
  55. ↑ (en) Robert A. Saunders et Strukov, Vlad, Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation, Lanham, Md., Scarecrow Press, (ISBN 978-0-8108-7460-2), p. 299
  56. ↑ (en) Robert Byrne, « CHESS; Even Loosely Defined, Armenia Can't Beat the Rest of the World », New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne) :

    « Kasparov was dubbed Armenian because his mother is Armenian. »
  57. ↑ « Prominent Russians: Garry Kasparov », Russia Today (consulté le )
  58. ↑ « Serzh Sargsyan re-elected President of Armenian Chess Federation », Chessdom, (consulté le )
  59. ↑ « The History of Academy » [archive du ], Chess Academy (consulté le )
  60. ↑ « All champions of Armenia » [archive du ], Chess in Armenia Magazine (consulté le )
  61. ↑ « Chess in Armenia (Shakhmatayin Hayastan), Armenia » [archive du ], FIDE (consulté le )
  62. ↑ « Chess-64 » [archive du ], Public Television of Armenia (consulté le )
  63. ↑ « Chess World » [archive du ], Public Television of Armenia (consulté le )
  64. ↑ « General ratings statistics for Armenia », World Chess Federation (FIDE) (consulté le )
  65. ↑ « Federations Ranking: Armenia », World Chess Federation (FIDE) (consulté le )
  66. ↑ (en) « Levon Aronian wins FIDE World Cup », ChessBase,‎ (lire en ligne)
  67. ↑ « Federations Ranking: Armenia, Women », World Chess Federation (FIDE) (consulté le )
  68. ↑ « 31st Chess Olympiad: Moscow 1994 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  69. ↑ « 32nd Chess Olympiad: Yerevan 1996 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  70. ↑ « 33rd Chess Olympiad: Elista 1998 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  71. ↑ « 34th Chess Olympiad: Istanbul 2000 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  72. ↑ « 39th Chess Olympiad: Khanty-Mansiysk 2010 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  73. ↑ « 43rd Olympiad Batumi 2018 Open » [archive du ], sur chess-results.com,
  74. ↑ « 30th Chess Olympiad (women): Manila 1992 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  75. ↑ « 31st Chess Olympiad (women): Moscow 1994 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  76. ↑ « 32nd Chess Olympiad (women): Yerevan 1996 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  77. ↑ « 33rd Chess Olympiad (women): Elista 1998 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  78. ↑ « 34th Chess Olympiad (women): Istanbul 2000 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  79. ↑ « 35th Chess Olympiad (women): Bled 2002 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  80. ↑ « 37th Chess Olympiad (women): Turin 2006 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  81. ↑ « 38th Chess Olympiad (women): Dresden 2008 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  82. ↑ « 39th Chess Olympiad (women): Khanty-Mansiysk 2010 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  83. ↑ « 40th Olympiad Istanbul 2012 Women tournament » [archive du ], Turkish Chess Federation (consulté le )
  84. ↑ « 3rd World Team Chess Championship: Lucerne 1993 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  85. ↑ « 7th World Team Chess Championship: Bursa 2010 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  86. ↑ « FIDE World Team Chess Championship 2013 Antalya, Turkey Final Ranking », Turkish Chess Federation (consulté le )
  87. ↑ « 1st World Team Chess Championship (women): Ekaterinburg 2007 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  88. ↑ « 2nd World Team Chess Championship (women): Ningbo 2009 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  89. ↑ « FIDE Women's World Chess Team Championship – 2011 », FIDE Women's World Chess Team Championship 2011 / Turkish Chess Federation (consulté le )
  90. ↑ « Women's World Chess Team Championship Astana, Kazakhstan, 2-13 March 2013 Final Ranking » [archive du ], FIDE Women World Team Championship 2013 (consulté le )
  91. ↑ « 10th European Team Chess Championship: Debrecen 1992 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  92. ↑ « 12th European Team Chess Championship: Batumi 1999 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  93. ↑ « 13th European Team Chess Championship: Leon 2001 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  94. ↑ « 14th European Team Chess Championship: Plovdiv 2003 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  95. ↑ « 15th European Team Chess Championship: Gothenburg 2005 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  96. ↑ « 17th European Team Chess Championship: Novi Sad 2009 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  97. ↑ « 18th European Team Chess Championship: Porto Carras 2011 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  98. ↑ « European Team Championship 2013 », ETCC 2013 (consulté le )
  99. ↑ « 1st European Team Chess Championship (women): Debrecen 1992 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  100. ↑ « 2nd European Team Chess Championship (women): Pula 1997 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  101. ↑ « 3rd European Team Chess Championship (women): Batumi 1999 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  102. ↑ « 4th European Team Chess Championship (women): Leon 2001 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  103. ↑ « 5th European Team Chess Championship (women): Plovdiv 2003 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  104. ↑ « 6th European Team Chess Championship (women): Gothenburg 2005 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  105. ↑ « 7th European Team Chess Championship (women): Heraklion 2007 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  106. ↑ « 8th European Team Chess Championship (women): Novi Sad 2009 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  107. ↑ « 9th European Team Chess Championship (women): Porto Carras 2011 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  108. ↑ « European Women's Team Championship » [archive du ], ETCC 2013 (consulté le )
  109. ↑ « 11th European Chess Club Cup: 1995 », OlimpBase (consulté le )
  110. ↑ « 11th European Chess Club Cup (women): Fügen 2006 », OlimpBase (consulté le )


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