Utilisateur:Hooiwind/brouillon

	afrikaans; Afrikaans
Pays	Principalement en Afrique du Sud et Namibie.; Ailleurs en Afrique, notamment Botswana, Zambie, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Swaziland; Communautés immigrées au Canada, Australie, États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, Nouvelle-Zélande, Argentine, Brésil, Pays-Bas, Belgique.
Nombre de locuteurs	6,45 millions (octobre 2007)[réf. nécessaire]
Typologie	SVO flexionnelle accentuelle
Classification par famille
	Modèle:Hiérarchie début bas-francique - afrikaans; Modèle:Hiérarchie fin bas-francique
Statut officiel
Langue officielle	Afrique du Sud
Codes de langue
IETF	af
ISO 639-1	af
ISO 639-2	afr
ISO 639-3	[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=afr afr afr]
Étendue	I (langue individuelle)
Type	L (langue vivante)
Échantillon
	Article premier de la Déclaration des droits de l'Homme (voir le texte en français) Artikel 1 Alle menslike wesens word vry, met gelyke waardigheid en regte, gebore. Hulle het rede en gewete en behoort in die gees van broederskap teenoor mekaar op te tree.
	modifier

L'afrikaans est une langue germanique occidentale, principalement parlée en Afrique du Sud et en Namibie. Il s'agit d'une langue-fille du néerlandais, et trouve ses racines dans les dialectes du XVII^e siècle, historiquement appelés, surtout en néerlandais et en anglais, hollandais du Cap.^{[n 1]} Bienque l'afrikaans ait borrowed from languages such as Malay, Portuguese, the Bantu languages or the Khoisan languages, an estimated 90 to 95 percent of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.^{[n 2]} Therefore, differences with Dutch often lie in a more regular morphology, grammar, and spelling of Afrikaans.^{[n 3]} There is a degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages—especially in written form—although it is easier for Dutch-speakers to understand Afrikaans than the other way around.^{[n 4]}

With about 6 million native speakers in South Africa, or 13.3 percent of the population, it is the third most spoken mother tongue in the country.^[1]^[2] It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages, and is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language.^{[n 5]} It is the majority language of the western half of South Africa—the provinces of the Northern Cape and Western Cape—and the primary language of the coloured and white communities.^{[n 6]} In neighbouring Namibia, Afrikaans is spoken in 11 percent of households, mainly concentrated in the capital Windhoek and the southern regions of Hardap and Karas.^{[n 7]} Widely spoken as a second language, it is a lingua franca of Namibia.^{[n 8]}

While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million^{[n 9]}.

Notes[modifier | modifier le code]

↑ L'afrikaans est une langue-fille du néerlandais ; voir Booij 1995, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder et Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt et Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer et Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa et de Wet 2007, p. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert et Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer et Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
L'afrikaans trouve ses racines dans les dialectes du XVIIe siècle ; voir Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts et Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw et Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116.
↑ Afrikaans borrowed from other languages such as Portuguese, Malay, Bantu and Khoisan languages; see Sebba 1997, p. 160, Niesler, Louw et Roux 2005, p. 459.
90 to 95 percent of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin; see Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Mesthrie 2002, p. 205, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 203, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131, Brachin et Vincent 1985, p. 132
↑ For morphology; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts et Clyne 1992, p. 72. For grammar and spelling; see Sebba 1997, p. 161.
↑ Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see Gooskens 2007, p. 453, Holm 1989, p. 338, Baker et Prys Jones 1997, p. 302, Egil Breivik et Håkon Jahr 1987, p. 232.
For written mutual intelligibility; see Sebba 2007, p. 116, Sebba 1997, p. 161.
It is easier for Dutch-speakers to understand Afrikaans than the other way around; see Gooskens 2007, p. 454.
↑ It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages; see Webb 2003, p. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert et Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman et Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page et Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, p. 69, 71.
An estimated 40 percent have at least a basic level of communication; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean et McCormick 1996, p. 333.
↑ According to the 2001 census, 79.5% of the so-called coloured community used Afrikaans as home language, 59.1% of the white population, 1.7% of the Indian population and 0.7% of the black population.
For the geographical distribution of Afrikaans; see also Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa.
↑ Afrikaans is spoken in 11 percent of Namibian households; see Namibian Population Census 2001. In the Hardap Region it is spoken in 44 percent of households, in the Karas Region by 40 percent of households, in the Khomas Region by 24 percent of households; see Census Indicators, 2001 and click through to "Regional indicators".
↑ Some 85 percent of Namibians can understand Afrikaans; see Bromber et Smieja 2004, p. 73.
There are 152,000 native speakers of Afrikaans in Namibia; see Deumert et Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16.
Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see Deumert 2004, p. 1, Adegbija 1994, p. 26, Batibo 2005, p. 79, Donaldson 1993, p. xiii, Deumert et Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Baker et Prys Jones 1997, p. 364, Domínguez et López 1995, p. 399, Page et Sonnenburg 2003, p. 8, CIA 2010.
↑ What follows are estimations. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez et López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page et Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008-11, p. 1.

References[modifier | modifier le code]

↑ « Census 2001 - Home language », Statistics South Africa (consulté le 2 février 2010)
↑ « Census 2001: Primary tables South Africa: Census 1996 and 2001 compared », Statistics South Africa, Statistics South Africa, 2001, p. 19

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[1] L'afrikaans est une langue-fille du néerlandais ; voir Booij 1995, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder et Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt et Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer et Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa et de Wet 2007, p. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert et Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer et Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
L'afrikaans trouve ses racines dans les dialectes du XVIIe siècle ; voir Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts et Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw et Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116.

[2] Afrikaans borrowed from other languages such as Portuguese, Malay, Bantu and Khoisan languages; see Sebba 1997, p. 160, Niesler, Louw et Roux 2005, p. 459.
90 to 95 percent of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin; see Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Mesthrie 2002, p. 205, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 203, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131, Brachin et Vincent 1985, p. 132

[3] For morphology; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts et Clyne 1992, p. 72. For grammar and spelling; see Sebba 1997, p. 161.

[4] Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see Gooskens 2007, p. 453, Holm 1989, p. 338, Baker et Prys Jones 1997, p. 302, Egil Breivik et Håkon Jahr 1987, p. 232.
For written mutual intelligibility; see Sebba 2007, p. 116, Sebba 1997, p. 161.
It is easier for Dutch-speakers to understand Afrikaans than the other way around; see Gooskens 2007, p. 454.

[7] It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages; see Webb 2003, p. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert et Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman et Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page et Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, p. 69, 71.
An estimated 40 percent have at least a basic level of communication; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean et McCormick 1996, p. 333.

[8] According to the 2001 census, 79.5% of the so-called coloured community used Afrikaans as home language, 59.1% of the white population, 1.7% of the Indian population and 0.7% of the black population.
For the geographical distribution of Afrikaans; see also Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa.

[9] Afrikaans is spoken in 11 percent of Namibian households; see Namibian Population Census 2001. In the Hardap Region it is spoken in 44 percent of households, in the Karas Region by 40 percent of households, in the Khomas Region by 24 percent of households; see Census Indicators, 2001 and click through to "Regional indicators".

[10] Some 85 percent of Namibians can understand Afrikaans; see Bromber et Smieja 2004, p. 73.
There are 152,000 native speakers of Afrikaans in Namibia; see Deumert et Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16.
Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see Deumert 2004, p. 1, Adegbija 1994, p. 26, Batibo 2005, p. 79, Donaldson 1993, p. xiii, Deumert et Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Baker et Prys Jones 1997, p. 364, Domínguez et López 1995, p. 399, Page et Sonnenburg 2003, p. 8, CIA 2010.

[speakers-11] What follows are estimations. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez et López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page et Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008-11, p. 1.

[statssa-2001-language-1-5] « Census 2001 - Home language », Statistics South Africa (consulté le 2 février 2010)

[statistics-6] « Census 2001: Primary tables South Africa: Census 1996 and 2001 compared », Statistics South Africa, Statistics South Africa, 2001, p. 19

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