Utilisateur:Tempestaire/Brouillon

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Cell stretching is a therapeutic procedure which consists in applying a suction force to the skin, leading to the stretching of epidermal, dermal and hypodermal cells, as well as the stretching of the connective tissue that surrounds them (blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries, collagen and elastin fibers). This force can be applied by a vacuum-operated instrument, precisely set in order to establish a depression between -60 and -170 Mbar. This stimulus is then detected by the mechanoreceptors of the different layers of the skin, which leads to a biological response.

In scientific literature, this mechanism is studied for cosmetic protocols, postoperatory procedures and physiotherapy. It is also described as “mechanical stimulation” or “mechanostimulation”.

Mechanism of action[modifier | modifier le code]

Cell stretching consists in stretching skin cells, in particular fibroblasts (skin cells) and myocytes (muscle cells), through a soft depression that leads to a mechanical stimulus, without creating varicosities, petechiae or any other negative side effect. This method differs from others by its ability to create a healthy, high quality collagen, rather than a scar collagen (fibrous) as would have been obtained in response to an overly aggressive treatment. Among the numerous skin mechanoreceptors, Ruffini corpuscle happen to be sensitive to stretching. When the skin is expanded, the mechanoreceptors translate this mechanical stimulus into a nerve impulse: the sensory transduction [1].. This nerve impulse leads to a biological response.

Several biological responses have been observed after resorting to cell stretching. In particular, many studies report an augmentation of the collagen production by the fibroblasts [2], a stimulation that increases growth promoting factors [3] and an improvement of microcirculation by stimulating the nitric oxide around the blood capillaries (shear-stress effect) [4]..

Uses[modifier | modifier le code]

Cell stretching is used in diverse fields: cosmetics, sports (physical therapy) and health (postoperative treatment).

Cosmetic uses[modifier | modifier le code]

Cell stretching allows to stimulate the collagen production by fibroblasts. This stimulation firms the skin [5] by increasing its thickness and its density (cutaneous collagen levels), it can also be used to improve the skin's elasticity and to sculpt the patient's figure [6].. Stimulating and regulating the collagen production also allows for stretch marks reduction and scars smoothing (keloid scars, hypertrophic scars, acne scars, etc.). Furthermore, the suction mechanism causes a skin tissue hyperaemia (blood surge), which enables a better microcirculation in the higher tissues (acting on the blood capillaries), a better lymphatic drainage and a better removal of toxins through the lymphatic system [7] (acting on the lymphatic capillaries).

Physical therapy uses[modifier | modifier le code]

Cell stretching is mostly conducted on the different skin layers, but it can also be relevant to muscles, as they also display mechanoreceptors. Indeed, cell stretching allows to increase the proteinaceous synthesis of myocytes (muscle cells) [8], whether those are collagen-based proteins or not. Consequently, in the sporting context, cell stretching enables a better recovery from effort and reduces soreness as well as muscle injury. Moreover, as cell stretching improves lymphatic drainage, it also allows to evacuate the toxins accumulated through an important physical activity, such as lactic acid or uric acid.

Postoperative uses[modifier | modifier le code]

After a surgery, the skin has an emergency reaction to the traumas resulting from the use of cannulas, scalpels, needles, etc. This reaction takes the form of a fast and important production of collagen, called “scar collagen”: as it takes less than 6 weeks for this collagen to get produced, its four levels of structuration (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternaryprotein structure) aren't properly organized. Such phenomenon can lead to fibrosis (overproduction of poor quality collagen) [9]. Resorting to cell stretching will allow to resorb this low quality collagen by stimulating the metalloproteases [6], which are specific enzymes that break collagen molecules down to allow their recycling through fibroblasts and by softening the fibrosis.

See also[modifier | modifier le code]

Mechanoreceptor, transduction, Collagen, microcirculation

References[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ (en) F. D’Angelo, "Mechanotransduction: Tuning Stem Cells Fate", J. Funct. Biomater. 2011, 2(2), 67-87
  2. ↑ (en) Harris AK, Stopak D, Wild P. "Fibroblast traction as a mechanism for collagen morphogenesis." Nature. 1981 Mar 19;290(5803):249-51.
  3. ↑ (en) Ruwhof C, van Wamel AE, Egas JM, van der Laarse A. "Cyclic stretch induces the release of growth promoting factors from cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts." Mol Cell Biochem. 2000 May;208(1-2):89-98
  4. ↑ (en) Davies P. "Hemodynamic shear stress and the endothelium in cardiovascular pathophysiology." Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med, 2009; 6 (1): 16-26
  5. ↑ (fr) P. Blanchemaison, "Cell stretching, a new method for treating sagging skin." Anti-âge Magazine 2016 Mar ;N°22 :59-60
  6. ↑ (en) Humbert P, "Mécano-Stimulation™ of the skin improves sagging score and induces beneficial functional modification of the fibroblasts: clinical, biological, and histological evaluations." Clin Interv Aging. 2015 Feb 2;10:387-403.
  7. ↑ (en) Li YY, "signal transduction mechanism for nitric oxide regulating lymphatic stomata and its draining capability." Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2008 Feb;291(2):216-23.
  8. ↑ (en) Sumpio BE, "Enhanced collagen production by smooth muscle cells during repetitive mechanical stretching." Arch Surg. 1988 Oct;123(10):1233-6.
  9. ↑ (en) Delanian S. "Post-operative fibrosis: pathophysiological aspects and therapeutical perspectives." Chir Main. 2008 Dec;27(6):256-65.

External links[modifier | modifier le code]

Article on anti-aging and cell stretching: http://www.anti-age-magazine.com/le-stretching-cellulaire-nouvelle-methode-pour-traiter-le-relachement-cutane/ Article on the use of negative pression (vacuum effect) in wound healing: http://www.sffpc.org/index.php?pg=connaiss_traitement3

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