Utilisatrice:BeatrixBelibaste/bac32

Une page de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.

  • rech. avec "gibbeting irons"
historiographie ancienne / trad en français


abolition 1834
à surveiller
à voir


  • Emma Battell Lowman et Sarah Tarlow, « Le “gibbeting” anglais. La punition du cadavre du criminels [sic] dans la Grande-Bretagne des XVIII-XIXe s. », dans Mathieu Vivas (éditeur), (Re)lecture archéologique de la justice en Europe médiévale et moderne, Bordeaux, Ausonius, coll. « Scripta Mediaevalia » (no 35), (ISBN 978-2-35613-243-7), p. 315-330.
carte
  • Gibbet sites 1752-1834 (carte pour le site Criminal corpses), listant les noms et l'année de l'érection du gibbet *****


à dépouiller
Gibet de John Nicols, pendu en 1794 avec son fils Nathan pour le meurtre de sa fille. Nathan fut disséqué, alors que Nicols fut "hung in chains. Le gibet fut découvert en 1938, avec le squelette toujours à l'intérieur (voir photo sur Commons pour détails et sources)

Gibbeting, dit aussi hanging in chains ou hanging in irons, est un châtiment post-mortem par lequel le corps d'un condamné à mort est, après son exécution, enserré dans une armature de fer (gibet de fer), exposé à une potence et laissé à pourrir.

  • exposition publique du corps après l'exécution

Vocabulaire / lexique[modifier | modifier le code]

  • La rareté des études traitant du sujet en langue française ont empêché l'adoption d'un vocabulaire stable dans cette langue.
  • Québec, cas de la Corriveau et du pendu de l'Ile-Jésus... vocabulaire plus ancien
  • gibbeting / hanging in chains / hanging in irons
  • gibbet (peut désigner gallows, potence, fourches patibulaires, échafaud...)
  • gibbet cage, gibbet iron... (cage ou cage de fer, gibet de fer...
    • en français
  • pendaison en chaînes... pendus encagés...

Historique[modifier | modifier le code]

  • King P. (2017) Introduction. In: Punishing the Criminal Corpse, 1700-1840. Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife. Palgrave Macmillan, London
    • attestations médiévales, gibbeting alive

Encagé vivant[modifier | modifier le code]

"gibbeting alive"

encagement vivant des esclaves
  • quelques occurences avérées dans les colonies (esclaves, Amérindiens...)
  • 1736 Antigua....

Gibbeting alive des esclaves[modifier | modifier le code]

Meurtre de leur maître et sa famille par un couple d'esclaves (État de New York, 1708)[modifier | modifier le code]

  • meurtre de William Hallett, son épouse enceinte et ses cinq enfants

Révolte des esclaves, New York, 1712[modifier | modifier le code]

  • Kenneth Scott, « The Slave Insurrection in New York in 1712 », New York Historical Society Quarterly, 45 (1961), p. 43-74.
  • The Negro Plot of 1712, 1890, p. 162-163. (témoignage de John Sharpe, allusion à Robin p. 163)
  • Edgar J. McManus, Black Bondage in the North, Syracuse University Press, 2001 (1973), p. 129-130 (Robin survit 5 jours dans ces conditions, selon le témoignage de John Sharpe (p. 129, note 28)***

encagement vivant en Jamaïque[modifier | modifier le code]

Barbade, 1692[modifier | modifier le code]

Caroline du Sud[modifier | modifier le code]

Dans la fiction[modifier | modifier le code]

occurrences dans la fiction
occurrences dans la littérature anti-esclavagiste [et anti-peine de mort ?]

Qui est encagé ?[modifier | modifier le code]

Esclaves[modifier | modifier le code]

  • voir aussi section "Encager vivant"


  • Vincent Brown, The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery, Harvard University Press, 2010 (ISBN 0674057120 et 9780674057128) (extraits téléchargés)

Amérindiens[modifier | modifier le code]

Populations colonisées[modifier | modifier le code]

  • Australie, Inde...

Encager le corps des femmes ?[modifier | modifier le code]

pratique inexistante ou rare selon ls érudits/commentateurs/historiens
  • E. J. Burford, Sandra Shulman, Of bridles and burnings: the punishment of women, St. Martin's Press, 1992, p. 106 : « Since wind and weather rotted away the clothes to leave the body naked to the elements and the eyes of the prurient, gibbeting was rarely inflicted upon female corpses owing to a general sense of shame, and perhaps to prevent certain... »[3]
  • Baker, David V.: "A Descriptive Profile and Socio-Historical Analysis of Female Executions in the United States: 1632-1997," 10(3) Women and Criminal Justice 57 (1999)
    • "on the wheel (12), burning (66), hung in chains (8), bludgeoning (6), gibbeting (6)..."
pratique existante
  • * Neil Davie, « Le corps criminel (sur)exposé ? Femmes, meurtres, et pendaisons publiques en Angleterre, 1780-1868 », in Michel Prum (dir.), La place de l'Autre, Paris, l'Harmattan, 2010, p. 195-218.
mention de cas particuliers - Grande-Bretagne


  • « The initial reaction to violent crime by women was often stupefaction. (...) But when this 'unnatural' behaviour manifest itself in purposeful rather than casual crime, society usualy cracked down hard (...) When three women took part, alongside four men, in a brutal robbery in Southwark in 1785, they were ordered to be hung in chains in Kent Street, where the offence had taken place. [avec réf. à note 83, non consultable] »[5]
    • dispo UL : HV 6949 A589 M166 1989 À voir pour la référence (note)
    • Female executions 1735 – 1799, mention de la pendaison des femmes en question (sous la date 1785 - 4 femmes, 3 hommes complices), sans mention de "hanging in chains" (date d'exécution : 2 août 1785; noms des coupables : Ann Smith, Christian Ireland, Mary Smith, Elizabeth Jackson; lieu : Kent Street, Southwark, Surrey; crime : Highway robbery)
    • Plus de détails : ici, ici ici (pas de mentions de gibbeting), aucune mention dans Tarlow
exemples de cas différenciés (homme au gibet, pas la femme)


femmes noires/esclaves
contexte
abolition du burning at stake pour les femmes, 1790

occurrences de femmes encagées[modifier | modifier le code]

Dorothy Newman et son amoureux George Bromham (or Broomham) / Combe Gibbet, 1676
Hannah, 1723
  • "For instance, in May of 1723 a slave woman named Hannah was hung in irons near Annapolis, Maryland, for murdering a white man."[6]
  • « When necessary, however, the machinery of the law could visit terrible punishment on offenders and make them horrible examples to the rest of the slave community. In 1723 the attorney general brought to trial a slave, Hannah, under indictment for a brutal ax murder. On conviction the court decreed that she be sent to a gallows erected on a ridge in plain view of public highway, there to be hanged until dead "and that after She is Dead she be hanged up in Chains on the said Gallows there to remain Until She be Rotten" »[7].
  • « There was one instance of a black murdering a white during the period prior to the law of 1724's enactment. In 1723 Negro Hannah was condemned upon confession for clubbing a white man to death. The Provincial Court added a grisly spectacle to her execution. Once dead, her body was to be "hanged up in Chains on the . . . Gallows there to remain Untill she be Rotten." Such practice would shortly become commonplace. This is the first documented instance where it was done. Hannah was valued and her master compensated. (55) »[8]
    • note 55 : "Provincial Court Judgments, W.G. #1, pp. 140-141."


Jenny/Jemmy, 1755
  • "Likewise, on July 4, 1755, a slave woman named Jenny suffered the same fate at Port Tobacco, Maryland, for poisoning her master."[9]
    • voir section Maryland pour sources
Jenny 1770

Les crimes[modifier | modifier le code]

  • crimes perçus comme particulièrement choquants et haineux : piraterie, vol de grand chemin, révolte contre des personnes perçues comme hiérarchiquement supérieurs : révolte des esclaves contre leurs maîtres, meurtre d'Amérindiens ou d'Aborigènes australiens contre des Blancs...

Piraterie[modifier | modifier le code]



  • Gutoff, Jonathan M., "The Law of Piracy in Popular Culture", JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, V. 31, NO. 4 (OCT. 2000), P. 643-648.
    • résumé : "This 2000 article discusses "how the legal regime that has governed piracy is reflected in current works of popular culture. After briefly reviewing the background of pirate literature from the 17th to the 20th centuries" the article pays special attention to the depiction of pirates and piracy in films and television. Topics discussed include egalitarianism, pirate punishments, and jurisdiction over pirates. Reprinted from the Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce."[10]
    • p. 646, extrait pertinent : « 
      B. Sentence

      Those convicted of piracy in London were hanged at "Execution Dock," near Wapping, on the north bank of the Thames, to set an example for that neighborhood's large population of maritime workers. Outside London, those found guilty of piracy generally were hanged at prominent dockside locations. To make sure that the example set for mariners also would serve others who might be tempted to "go upon the account," the bodies of pirates were often wrapped in chains where all could witness, and perhaps contemplate, the wages of sin. (The chaining, it should be noted, was done not as a sign of humiliation but to hold the bodies together during the inevitable decomposition). After the trial and execution of William Kidd in 1701, his body was set out in chains in the Thames River at Tilbury Point.

      The actual punishments of pirates have proved, for the most part, too gruesome to serve as entertainment for modern audiences. As a result, Hollywood has only hinted at the end of sea robbers. Long John Silver worries about going to Execution Dock but does not end up there. Similarly, in Captain Kidd (1945), the movie's protagonist is condemned, but the character (played by Charles Laughton) is not seen swinging from a gibbet or bobbing up and down in the tide.

      Recently, however, there has been some change. In Cutthroat Island, the waterfront of Port Royal, Jamaica is decorated with a variety of realistic corpses hanging in chains and cages in various states of decomposition. These are banged about with much abandon in an otherwise dull chase scene. If gore sells, the punishment of piracy offers numerous chances to make a killing. »      [11]

Justice militaire[modifier | modifier le code]

  • les corps de 10-12 marins, exécutés pour une infraction quelconque à bord de l'un des vaisseaux de guerre de la Royal Navy, exhibés dans les chaînes ou dans des cages de fer, en vue de Port Royal, Jamaïque, en 1806. À cette vue, Les marins d'un navire négrier de passage ressentent "excited more of pity for their fate than of abhorrence for their offence", alors que les captifs promis à l'esclavage, sont alarmés, ayant peur d'être soumis à un sacrifice de cette sorte.

Survol géographique[modifier | modifier le code]

Royaume-Uni[modifier | modifier le code]

  • Patrick Low, Capital punishment in the north east of England 1800-1878 and post mortem punishment 1752-1878, thèse ici (téléchargée, Google Drive et Dropbox]
  • Albert Hartshorne, Hanging in Chains, T.F. Unwin, 1891

Angleterre[modifier | modifier le code]

Execution Dock[modifier | modifier le code]

Écosse[modifier | modifier le code]

Irlande[modifier | modifier le code]

Malte[modifier | modifier le code]

États-Unis[modifier | modifier le code]

  • Selon Espy et Smykla, le dernier condamné exécuté aux États-Unis par « hanging in chains » serait un dénommé John Marshall, exécuté en Virginie-Occidentale le 4 avril 1913[12]. Bien que cette information soit reprise par diverses publications[13], parfois avec scepticisme[14], les journaux de l'époque prouvent que Marshall est mort pendu à Moundsville pour le meurtre de son épouse.[15],[16].



Caroline du Sud[modifier | modifier le code]


Virginie[modifier | modifier le code]

cage trouvée King George County, 1895/1896, puis fait l'objet d'une exposition itinérante
  • trouvée par William Henry Harrison Cawood
  • Dead Man in an Iron Cage, The New York Times, 6 juil. 1895, p. 10
  • Annonce de la découverte (New York journal, March 30, 1896, p. 4, dernière colonne)
  • The "skeleton in armor" which Mr. W. H. H. Cawood found some time since buried in King George county will be exhibited at the Easton, Md., fair next week. (Alexandria Gazette, samedi 12 septembre 1896, p. 3 (source)
  • "Mr. W. H. H. Cawood, formerly of this city, but now of King George county, Vs., will have the skeleton of a man in an iron cage, which he found while working a public road in that county, on exhibition at the Tappahannock fair." (Alexandria gazette. (Alexandria, D.C.), September 07, 1897, Image 3
  • https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2874964/the_union_republican/
  • donné/ vendu au Smithsonian en 1901
    • “Societies and Academies.” Science, vol. 13, no. 327, 1901, pp. 547–548. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1627754.
    • ici, p. 272 envoyé au Smithsonian
    • Droop, E. H., Washington, D. C: Iron gibbet from Virginia. Purchase. 38091. (accessions du Smithsonian pour l'année 1901) source
    • aussi ici et ici et ici

Maryland[modifier | modifier le code]

1761
  • un esclave ayant tué sa maîtresse, son enfant et une femme esclave, Saint Mary's County
  • Read the Report of the Justices of a special Court held for

Saint Mary's County whereby it appears they had passed Sentence of Death upon Negro Peter Slave of John Booth for the Murder of — Booth Wife of the said John and a Child of him the said John, and of his Wife, and it appearing by the said Report that it was a barbarous and cruel Murder, ordered he be hanged in Chains on the main Road as near the Place where the Fact was committed as possible on Friday the eighth of June next. source

New York (État)[modifier | modifier le code]

Tête retrouvée à Hempstead, déc 1934[modifier | modifier le code]
  • film Getty Three boys find a skull in an iron cage in a vacant lot in 1935 Hempstead, Long Island, New York
  • Boys Unearth Skeleton in Torture Cage; Discovery in Hempstead Linked to Pirates, New York Times, 29 déc 1934, p. 1 : "An age-old human skeleton encased in a crude metal cage, similar to torture chambers used by pirates, was unearthed today by boys playing in a vacant lot at Union Place and Main Street here. An iron spike 6 inches long protruded from a hole just below the right eye of the victim...."
  • Caged Skull Wins Name From Records of 1776, Daily News, New York (New York), 6 fév. 1935,
    • Skull in iron held by Detective Hizinmhi, and found last December hy Hempstead, Nassau, child, has started eager inquiry hy historians. One theory is that skull is that of British soldier of Revolutionary days (légende photo, super ico, voir lien - non libre en raison de la date)
    • That skeleton, with skull bound tightly in an iron cage, which a youngster uncovered Dec. 28 in Hempstead, drew a name yesterday and a personal record. Back in 1776 it strutted in scarlet tunic with His Majesty's troops, come to put down the American Rebellion. With a companion, this one time .trooper attacked the home of an American miller and sportsman named Hedger, in the belief of two historically minded ladies of Great Neck who combed old records and announced their find. Hedger, the accounts say, found the pair choking his sister. One escaped. The other, Private Silby, 'he shot through the throat. And Silby "was hung in an iron frame on a jribbet, on the plains north of Hempstead, and his regiment paraded before it." The quotations were found in Onderdonk's "Revolutionary Incidents of Queens County" (the area then included Nassau) by Mrs. F. Howard Covey and Mrs. John Baker, with information that. Silby's iron strapped corpse hung from its gallows many years after, and terrified night travelers un- used to the eerie rasping of the swinging cage. Mrs. Covey and Mrs. Bakerhave sent the information to F. Trubee Davison, president of the American Museum of Natural History, Antiquarians explored theories from criminal prosecution to fiendish piratical torture ever since the day that 9-year-old Buddy Gorman of Hempstead uncovered the skull in the side of a sand pile. Two teeth were missing when the skull reached the Museum, and Sergt. Philip Goldstein of the Hempstead police spent days investigating. Finally Buddy's mother recalled that Buddy had extracted the teeth for keepsakes and had been ordered to throw them back on the sandpile and wash his hands.
  • Human head encased in an iron cage, 1er janv 1935, "An aged human skeleton encased in an iron cage, which was found by boys at play in the sands at Hempstead, L.I., grim evidence it is believed of early pirates' torture devices", photo de Getty, autrefois sur Corbis, circulant largement sur Internet
  • BONES IN CAGE DISCOVERED TO STIR MYSTERY, San Bernardino Sun, 30 déc 1934, p. 4
    • "Two Small Boys Find Skeleton Encircled by Bars; Many Theories Are Advanced (By Associated Press) HEMPSTEAD, N. Y., Dec. 29. Two small boys stirred up a deep mystery in this 250-yenr old village when they dug up a skeleton in an iron cage from a vacant lot in the center of the town. No one recalled ever hearing of a burial in this particular lot and the theory was advanced that per haps the boys had found the rmains of a pirate who had been tortured to death. It might even be one of Captain Kidd's men, some said, as legend has persisted in reporting the presence on Long Island of that freebooter. The skull of the skeleton, a small cranium with teeth still intact, was found within the top of the crudely formed cage. The cage, badly rusted, fitted the form of a man's body and apparently had been welded together. Four iron bands were fitted around the head and bent inward at the neck and out again to take in the shoulders. They narrowed again until they met at the feet. Three bands were welded around the cage one at the neck, another about the chest and another about the waist. The skull was still inside the head portion of the cage, said Nassau county police, who took charge of the boys' discovery. An iron hook was set in at the top of the cage and authorities concluded it was designed to be hung from a scaffolding or a tree. The boys, Rudy Powers and Buddy Gorman, were digging in the lot, 200 feet from Main street, when they came upon the cage about two and a half feet underground."
  • Hempstead (New York), comté de Nassau, Long Island

Inde[modifier | modifier le code]

  • Norman Chevers, A manual of medical jurisprudence for India, 1870, p. 566-567, avec planche entre les 2 pages, mention d'un gibet trouvé en Jamaïque en 1856 (d'après une publication de Once a week, mai 1866) spéculant sur le gibbeting alive, et mention d'un gibet conservé dans le musée de en:The Asiatic Society de Calcutta, avec planche illustrative des deux cages (ico!!)
  • [3], p. 13 (ico)
leader présumé d'une mutinerie, 1824
  • en:Barrackpore mutiny of 1824
    • Bindee (Binda) Tiwary
      • Pogson, Wredenhall Robert (1833). Memoir of the Mutiny at Barrackpore. Serampore Press, p. 31 ici (corps enlevé après quelques mois car on lui faisait des offrandes...)
      • The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature. 5. London: Sandford Arnot. 1825, p. 30 ici (mention de d'autres officiers pouvant être "gibbeted"
gibet subsistant donné à The Asiatic Society de Calcutta en 1868

Barbade[modifier | modifier le code]

Jamaïque[modifier | modifier le code]

gibet subsistant retrouvé après une inondation en 1856 et qui aurait contenu le corps d'une femme, maintenant conservé à l'Institute of Jamaica
ico

Sainte-Croix (hors colonie britannique)[modifier | modifier le code]

révolte d'esclaves de 1759
  • trois encagés vivants
  • Waldemar Westergaard, “Account of the Negro Rebellion on St. Croix, Danish West Indies, 1759”, he Journal of Negro History

Vol. 11, No. 1 (Jan., 1926), pp. 50-61.

    • récit d'Engelbert Hasselberg, l'un des juges
    • sur Executed Today, avec extraits de Westergaard
  • Dans l'énumération des esclaves exécutés, avec leurs châtiments :
    • 8. Sam Hector, belonging to Pieter Heyliger, Senior, is convicted by witnesses, but has confessed nothing himself. He was set up in a gibbet or iron cage and lived 42 hours. (p. 59)
      • l'un des leaders de la rébellion (p. 55)
    • 9. Michel, belonging to Hugh O’Donnell, is convicted by witnesses, but confessed nothing. Got the same punishment as Sam Hector, lived 91 hours. (p. 59)
      • l'un des leaders de la rébellion (p. 55)
    • 12. [Name not given], belonging to Manan Rogers, is convicted by witnesses, and made a partial confession. Was set up in a gibbet from January 18, at 3:30 p.m. to Jan. 27, 8:30 a.m. (p. 59)

Démérara (ds future Guyane / Guyana)[modifier | modifier le code]

Cinq des condamnés de la rébellion de 1823, exposés au gibet


Canada[modifier | modifier le code]

Québec[modifier | modifier le code]

  • « Parfois le Québec est même à la fine pointe de la modernisation libérale, comme c’est le cas avec certains aspects de la peine capitale. Prenons la question de ce qu’on fait des cadavres des personnes exécutées. Le Murder Act anglais de 1752 insistait sur la profanation des cadavres des meurtriers, soit par exposition publique du corps dans un gibet, soit par la dissection publique, afin que « some further terror and peculiar mark of infamy be added to the punishment ». Plus encore, les corps des individus exécutés pour d’autres crimes que le meurtre sont le plus souvent privés de sépulture chrétienne. Au Québec, les autorités abandonnent l’exposition publique des corps dès le début du régime britannique, et la dissection ne semble pas imposée comme sentence avant les années 1780; elle sera abolie à la fin des années 1830. Enfin, dès le début du XIXe siècle, les cadavres des autres exécutés commencent à recevoir des sépultures dans les cimetières. »[17]


Nouvelle-Écosse[modifier | modifier le code]

Edward Jordan

[electronic resource] : to which is added the trial of John Kelly, for piracy and murder, on the 8th day of December, 1809 https://archive.org/details/cihm_92639/page/n5

autres
  • 4 ou 6 membres d'équipage du en:HMS Columbine (1806) HMS Columbine (1806) condamnés pour mutinerie (Halifax, 1809) à en:McNabs Island
      • Maugher Beach, gibets en place des années 1780 jusqu'au début du XIXe s. (pour piraterie)
    • "Those convicted of piracy could expect to have their bodies hung in chains in a prominent place as a reminder to others of the folly of such a life. In Halifax, Maugher's Beach (Hangman's Beach) on MacNabs Island was allegedly the site where six sailors and marines were hung in gibbets for mutiny on H M S Colum- bine in August 1809. Halifax Herald, 17 August

1892." https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol05/tnm_5_4_1-18.pdf


    • "Two pirates were hanged this way on George's Island in 1785." (source), mis au gibet, ou seulement pendu ? (voir ici)

Terre-Neuve[modifier | modifier le code]

  • meurtre de en:William Keen, 1754, 2 gibbeted, McGuire et Halluran, 10 octobre 1754
  • un 3e gibbeted à Terre-Neuve au 18e s.


  • Catherine Mandeville Snow, Tobias Mandeville et Arthur Spring, reconnus coupables en 1834 du meurtre de John William Snow de Port de Grave, mari de Catherine. Ils devaient aussi être disséqués et encagés après la sentence, mais la foule empêcha la sentence post-mortem sur les hommes. (Voir Little) La femme, enceinte, fut pendue après la naissance du bébé. La sentence originale prévoyait-elle vraiment l'encagement de la femme avec celles des hommes???



Australie, Tasmanie, etc.[modifier | modifier le code]

Skeleton and chains used to gibbet a man (William Mooney or John White) convicted of murder and hung at Goulburn in 1831 (Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales)
  • Christopher Dawson, « A Thoroughly Modern Hanging », essai réalisé pour l'exposition Path to Abolition: A History of Execution in Queensland de Queensland Supreme Court, 2014, p. 3-5
    • p. 3 : "This ‘hanging in chains’, or ‘gibbetting’, took place in New South Wales as late as 1831, when the bodies of two murderers were displayed for two years at Goulburn Plains, the place of their crime. Their bodies were removed only after a somewhat-shocked colonial governor had the misfortune to ride past them two years later."
    • "Gibbetting ceased in New South Wales with the adoption of a British law in 1837."
après l'abolition de la pratique

New South Wales[modifier | modifier le code]

En Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la colonial legislasture adopte en 1837 [trouver le nom exact de l'instance législative en 1837] An Act to abolish the practice of hanging the Bodies of Criminals in Chains (4 & 5 Will. IV c.26) (enacted in England 25 juil. 1834), qui entre en vigueur le 13 juillet 1837[18]

Hors de l'Empire britannique[modifier | modifier le code]

Future Allemagne[modifier | modifier le code]

à voir
  • Richard J. Evans, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987 (Oxford University Press, 1996) *
  • Richard Van Dulmen and Elisabeth Neu, Theatre of Horror: Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Germany (Polity Press, 1991) *
  • Joel F. Harrington, The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century (Random House, 2013)
  • Joy Wiltenburg, Crime and Culture in Early Modern Germany (University of Virginia Press, 2012)
Münster (1536)
Joseph Süss Oppenheimer (1738)
  • Répliques (ou originales?) des cages dans lesquelles les cadavres de Jean de Leyde et deux autres meneurs de la Révolte de Münster ont été exposés après leur exécution en janvier 1536, accrochées au clocher de l'église Saint-Lambert
    Répliques (ou originales?) des cages dans lesquelles les cadavres de Jean de Leyde et deux autres meneurs de la Révolte de Münster ont été exposés après leur exécution en janvier 1536, accrochées au clocher de l'église Saint-Lambert
  • Cage dans lequel le corps d'Oppenheimer fut exposé
    Cage dans lequel le corps d'Oppenheimer fut exposé
  • Exécution d'Oppenheimer
    Exécution d'Oppenheimer

Hollande[modifier | modifier le code]

travaux d'Anuradha Gobin https://art.ucalgary.ca/profiles/anuradha-gobin
  • (en) Anuradha Gobin, « Picturing Liminal Spaces and Bodies: Rituals of Punishment and the Limits of Control at the Gallows Field », RACAR : Revue d'art canadienne / Canadian Art Review, vol. 43, no 1,‎ , p. 7–24 (ISSN 0315-9906 et 1981-4778[à vérifier : ISSN invalide], DOI https://doi.org/10.7202/1050817ar, lire en ligne, consulté le )
    • p. 10 "In certain cases—when a crime was considered to be particularly harmful to the civic good, and therefore in need of severe punishment—special mechanisms were constructed to impress this fact upon the public. Simon Fokke produced a series of images recording the harnesses that were made to contain the bodies of a group of mutinous sailors. Dutch prosperity was largely derived from overseas expansion and trade, so the need to control the behaviour of sailors was imperative to the continuation of economic success. To send a message that mutiny would not be tolerated, the sailors were sentenced to be broken on the wheel and their bodies placed in special- ly constructed harnesses. Fokke’s images depict the harnesses from varying angles and demonstrate the intricacy of planning involved in the construc- tion of these contraptions. | fig. 4 | Based on their elaborate nature, it can be surmised that their production costs would have been sizable. Such expense, coupled with the added payment made to the executioner for any additional actions performed on the dead bodies, is indicative of the level of symbolic significance attached to how criminal corpses were handled. By including spe- cial instructions for the transportation and gibbeting of bodies in their offi- cial sentences, judicial authorities were actively conveying messages to those who would view and come into contact with these bodies."


  • autres ico de cette mutinerie

Impact culturel (folklore, ico, etc.)[modifier | modifier le code]

Dans l'imaginaire actuel[modifier | modifier le code]

Répliques de gibets (musées, attractions...)[modifier | modifier le code]

  • "The noose and Gibbet Inn, Sheffield, exploits its proximity to the place where Spence Broughton was gibbeted with a wholly inauthentic recreated gibbet" (photo de Tarlow d'un tiers)
  • The Clink
    The Clink
  • The Clink
    The Clink

Dans la fiction[modifier | modifier le code]

  • Great Expectations
    Great Expectations

Le gibet de fer au musée (conservation et mise en valeur)[modifier | modifier le code]

  • liste des gibets authentiques conservés
  • répliques
  • très présent dans les expositions sur les pirates
  • Fred Wilson
  • JOWITT, Claire et OAKLEY-BROWN, Liz. A pirate for all seasons? Captain Kidd and pirates in popular culture A review of ‘Pirates: the Captain Kidd story’, an exhibition at the Museum of London Docklands, 20 May–30 October 2011. Journal for Maritime Research, 2011, vol. 13, no 2, p. 180-183. sur academia.edu
    • p. 181 : "The confines of life on board a pirate ship were reconstructed, and a tableau – which concentrated on a suspended iron gibbet cage and the ways the early modern state used the criminal body to deter onlookers from future illegality – made good use of aural effects to recreate the moment of Kidd’s execution. Rather than focusing on a gory display, the exhibition mindfully employed the spine-chilling sound a corpse in rigor mortis makes as it is forced to accommodate the metal hoops of the cage"

Iconographie[modifier | modifier le code]

  • The Hanging in Chains of Francis Fearn (1782) sur Getty, trouver l'original
    • "Francis Fearn On The Gibbet. The hanging in chains of Francis Fearn on Loxley Common near Sheffield, England. From a broadsheet issued at the time of his execution, 1st May 1841. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Rowlandson
William Hogarth
  • série en:Industry and Idleness / Industry and Idleness
    • no 5 - The Idle Apprentice Sent to Sea (gibet au loin, sur la rive de la Tamise : un marin le pointe à l'apprenti, l'avertissant qu'il s'agit de son futur s'il ne se corrige pas
    • no 11 - The Idle Apprentice executed at Tyburn - l'encadrement montre des squelettes pendus au gibet
Broasides


Newgate Calendar


  • An Odd Sight Sometime Hence, vers 1756, estampe satirique,
    • "Satire on the government showing the bodies of three ministers hanging from a gibbet, a fox (Henry Fox) urinating at the foot. The onlookers include a woman in a waggon and a man on crutches taken from Hogarth's Industry and Idleness."
    • aussi ici


  • Cage pour laisser mourir les condamnés, Afghanistan, 1921 (voir art. en:gibbet)
    Cage pour laisser mourir les condamnés, Afghanistan, 1921 (voir art. en:gibbet)

Voir aussi[modifier | modifier le code]


  • Steve Poole, Romancing the Gibbet...



  • celui trouvé en 1935 à Hempstead, Long Island, avec la tête encore à l'intérieur
  • derniers cas dans ce qui allait être le Canada : Terre-Neuve, 1834... deux ou trois condamnés ?
  • Australie, dernier cas, 1837
    • R. v. McKay and Lamb [1837]
    • faire une recherche avec "capital punishment, hanged in chains" ou "reception of English law, hanging in chains" ou "gibbet", ici (détails de tous les cas, au moins 59 résultats, plusieurs cas concernant Aborigènes, notamment).
    • C.H. Currey, Sir Francis Forbes: the First Chief Justice of New South Wales, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1968, p. 470 points out that hanging in chains was abolished in England by (1834) 5&4 Wm 4, c. 29, but that the statute was not adopted in New South Wales until 1837. (discussion ici)
gibets retrouvés


répliques
château Ramezay
  • photos
  • présentée notamment au cours de l'expo Crimes et Châtiments - La Justice en Nouvelle-France / Crime and Punishment – Justice in New France , 26 novembre 2013 au 13 octobre 2014, expo précédentes, 2014
    • désignée comme "cage de pendaison" / "hanging cage"
    • communiqué fr
    • rumeur faisant de cette cage celle de la Corriveau
      • "At Pointe-Lévy (Lauzon), the body of the murderess Marie-Josephte Corriveau (1733-1763) was exposed in an iron cage at a crossroads. The cage is exhibited in the Château Ramezay, Montreal. La Corriveau continues to haunt Quebec lore and literature" (John Robert Colombo, Canadian Literary Landmarks, Dundurn, 1984, p. 63
      • voir aussi Ferland et Corriveau

Notes[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ John Bartram et Francis Harper, « Diary of a Journey through the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida from July 1, 1765, to April 10, 1766 », Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 33, no 1,‎ , p. 22 (ISSN 0065-9746, DOI 10.2307/1005551, JSTOR 1005551) : "two negroes Jibited alive for poisoning thair master"
  2. ↑ Joseph Priestley, A Sermon on the Subject of the Slave Trade, 1788, cité dans Akihito Matsumoto, « Priestley and Smith Against Slavery », The Kyoto Economic Review, vol. 80 (2011), no 1, p. 119-131 DOI 10.11179/ker.80.119, ici p. 124.
  3. ↑ https://www.google.ca/search?tbm=bks&hl=fr&q=to+a+general+sense+of+shame%2C+and+perhaps+to+prevent+certain#hl=fr&tbm=bks&q=%22to+a+general+sense+of+shame%2C+and+perhaps+to+prevent+certain%22
  4. ↑ Female executions 1735 – 1799
  5. ↑ Frank McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth Century England, Routledge, 2013, p. 130, (ISBN 1136093168 et 9781136093166) ici
  6. ↑ Daniel Allen Hearn, Legal Executions in New England: A Comprehensive Reference, 1623–1960, McFarland, 2008 (ISBN 1476608539 et 9781476608532), p. 404
  7. ↑ Aubrey C. Land, Colonial Maryland, a history, KTO Press, (ISBN 0527187135 et 9780527187132) 1981, p. 167
  8. ↑ Ross M. Kimmel, "Blacks before the Law in Colonial Maryland" , Master's Thesis, January 24, 1974, chapitre 3 "Freedom or Bondage -- The Legislative Record et note 55
  9. ↑ Daniel Allen Hearn, Legal Executions in New England: A Comprehensive Reference, 1623–1960, McFarland, 2008 (ISBN 1476608539 et 9781476608532), p. 404
  10. ↑ http://www.ipl.org/IPL/Display?key=res:lii-27269&layout=blank
  11. ↑ http://forum2.aimoo.com/JCH/m/In-the-News/Piracy-And-The-Right-To-Self-Defense-1-554804.html
  12. ↑ [1]; [2], no 8649
  13. ↑ Jeffrey L. Kirchmeier, Imprisoned by the Past: Warren McCleskey and the American Death Penalty, Oxford University Press, 2015, (ISBN 0199967938 et 9780199967933), p. 197.
  14. ↑ Jack Shuler, The Thirteenth Turn: A History of the Noose, PublicAffairs, 2014, (ISBN 1610391365 et 9781610391368), p. 313 note 28
  15. ↑ Murderers Sing Hymns While Awaiting Death, The Pittsburg Press, 4 avril 1913; Wife Slayers Hang Together, The Gazette Times, 5 avril 1913
  16. ↑ West Virginia Archives & History, Executions in West Virginia - List of Executed Prisoners Within West Virginia Penitentiary, Office of Parole & Record Clerk
  17. ↑ Cory Verbauwhede, « Entretien avec Donald Fyson », sur Centre d'histoire des régulations sociales, (consulté le ).
  18. ↑ (en) Gregory D. Woods, A History of Criminal Law in New South Wales: The Colonial Period, 1788-1900, Federation Press, (ISBN 1-86287-439-5, 978-1-86287-439-8 et 1-76002-193-8, OCLC 51999309), p. 127
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