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An early warming stripes graphic published by their originator, climatologist Ed Hawkins.[1] The progression from blue (cooler) to red (warmer) stripes portrays the long-term increase of average global temperature from 1850 (left side of graphic) to 2018 (right side of graphic).[2]

Warming stripes (sometimes referred to as climate stripes,[3][4][5][Note 1] climate timelines[6] or stripe graphics[7]) are data visualization graphics that use a series of coloured stripes chronologically ordered to visually portray long-term temperature trends.[2][Note 2] Warming stripes reflect a "minimalist"[2][5] style, conceived to use colour alone to avoid technical distractions and intuitively convey global warming trends to non-scientists.[8][9]

The initial concept of visualizing historical temperature data has been extended to involve animation,[10] to visualize sea level rise[11] and predictive climate data,[12] and to visually juxtapose temperature trends with other data such as atmospheric CO2 concentration,[13] global glacier retreat[14] and precipitation.[4]

Background, publication and content[modifier | modifier le code]

This conventional data visualization includes date ranges, explanatory legends, and technical terminology.
Warming stripes were designed to have "more aesthetic appeal and a lower barrier of entry for a casual viewer" than conventional data visualizations.[10]
This composite of a conventional line graph superimposed on a warming stripe graphic illustrates year-by-year correlation of data points and coloured stripes.[15]
A colour field abstract artwork[16]

Modèle:Quote box In May 2016, to make visualizing climate change easier for the general public, University of Reading climate scientist Ed Hawkins created an animated spiral graphic[17] of global temperature change as a function of time, a representation said to have gone viral.[9][18] Jason Samenow wrote in The Washington Post that the spiral graph was "the most compelling global warming visualization ever made",[19] before it was featured in the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[10] Then, on 22 May 2018, Hawkins published[20] graphics constituting a chronologically ordered series of coloured vertical stripes that he called warming stripes.[9] Hawkins, a lead author for the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, received the Royal Society's 2018 Kavli Medal, in part "for actively communicating climate science and its various implications with broad audiences".[21]

As described in a BBC article, in the month the big meteorological agencies release their annual climate assessments, Hawkins experimented with different ways of rendering the global data and "chanced upon the coloured stripes idea".[22] When he tried out a banner at the Hay Festival, according to the article, Hawkins "knew he'd struck a chord".[22] The National Centre for Atmospheric Science (U.K.), with which Hawkins is affiliated, states that the stripes "paint a picture of our changing climate in a compelling way. Hawkins swapped out numerical data points for colours which we intuitively react to".[6]

Others have called Hawkins' warming stripes "climate stripes"[3][4] or "climate timelines".[6]

Warming stripe graphics are reminiscent of colour field painting, a style prominent in the mid 20th century, which strips out all distractions and uses only colour to convey meaning.[8] Colour field pioneer artist Barnett Newman said he was "creating images whose reality is self-evident", an ethos that Hawkins is said to have applied to the problem of climate change.[8]

On 17 June 2019,[2] Hawkins published for public use, a large set of warming stripes on ShowYourStripes.info.[23] Individualized warming stripe graphics were published for the globe, for most countries, as well as for certain smaller regions such as states in the US or parts of the UK,[24] since different parts of the world are warming more quickly than others.[25]

Data sources and data visualization[modifier | modifier le code]

Effect of geographic selection: Warming stripes for the Northern[26] and Southern[27] Hemispheres show how different, but same-size, regions compare. Greater recent temperature anomalies in the North display as stripes that are off the red scale.[Note 3]
Effect of geographic size: Warming stripes for the Globe[28] and for the Caribbean Islands region[29] show that larger year-to-year variations, for geographical and statistical reasons, are to be expected for smaller regions (bottom graphic).[18][30][Note 3]
Effect of each colour's temperature range: one dataset,[15] but with different temperature range per colour (colour scales shown on left side). In the top graphic (with 0.10° C per colour), recent temperatures exceed the red scale; the bottom graphic (0.15° C per colour) avoids this clipping.[Note 3]
Effect of reference period (baseline): One dataset,[15] with averages over three "reference periods" (purple bars) determining blue/red boundaries.[31] The earliest, lowest-temp baseline (top) causes recent temperatures to exceed the red scale; later baselines avoid this clipping.[Note 3]
Effect of choosing a baseline independent of any time period's average value: This stripe graphic of global average sea level change has a baseline that is less than all data values, producing a graphic having shades of only a single colour.[11]

Warming stripe graphics are defined with various parameters, including:[20]

  • source of dataset (meteorological organization)
  • measurement location (global, country, state, etc.)
  • time period (year range, for horizontal "axis")
  • temperature range (range of anomaly (deviation) about a reference or baseline temperature)
  • colour scale (assignment of colours to represent respective ranges of temperature anomaly), and
  • colour choice (shades of blue and red), as well as
  • temperature boundaries (temperature above which a stripe is red and below which is blue, determined by an average annual temperature over a "reference period" or "baseline" of usually 30 years).[31]

Hawkins' original graphics[Note 4] use the eight most saturated blues and reds from the ColorBrewer 9-class single hue palettes, which optimize colour palettes for maps and are noted for their colourblind-friendliness.[32] Hawkins said the specific colour choice was an aesthetic decision ("I think they look just right"), also selecting baseline periods to ensure equally dark shades of blue and red for aesthetic balance.[32]

ShowYourStripes.info cites dataset sources Berkeley Earth, NOAA, UK Met Office, MeteoSwiss, DWD (Germany),[24] specifically explaining that the data for most countries comes from the Berkeley Earth temperature dataset (updated to the end of 2018), except that for the US, UK, Switzerland & Germany the data comes from respective national meteorological agencies.[31]

For each country-level #ShowYourStripes graphic (Hawkins, June 2019), the average temperature in the 1971-2000 reference period is set as the boundary between blue (cooler) and red (warmer) colours, the colour scale varying +/- 2.6 standard deviations of the annual average temperatures between 1901 and 2000.[31][33] Hawkins noted that the graphic for the Arctic "broke the colour scale" since it is warming more than twice as fast as the global average.[33]

For statistical and geographic reasons, it is expected that graphics for small areas will show more year-to-year variation than those for large regions.[18] Year-to-year changes reflected in graphics for localities result from weather variability, whereas global warming over centuries reflects climate change.[30]

The NOAA website warns that the graphics "shouldn't be used to compare the rate of change at one location to another", explaining that "the highest and lowest values on the colour scale may be different at different locations".[4] Further, a certain colour in one graphic will not necessarily correspond to the same temperature in other graphics.[34][32]

A climate change denier generated a warming stripes graphic that misleadingly affixed Northern Hemisphere readings over one period to global readings over another period, and omitted readings for the most recent thirteen years, with some of the data being 29-year-smoothed—to give the false impression that recent warming is routine.[35] Calling the graphic "imposter warming stripes", meteorologist Jeff Berardelli described it in January 2020 as "a mishmash of data riddled with gaps and inconsistencies" with an apparent objective to confuse the public.[35]

Applications and influence[modifier | modifier le code]

Warming stripe graphics for four different datasets may be used to compare them visually.[Note 3]

● 1st: NASA/GISS (1880-)[36]
● 2nd: GHCN-v3 / GISS (1880-)[37]
● 3rd: HadCRUT 4.6 (1850-)[38]

● 4th: Berkeley Earth (1850-)[15]
"Stacked" warming stripe graphics allow changes in atmospheric temperature to be compared across various layers of the earth's atmosphere.[39]
Logo of the U.S. House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis (formation authorized 9 January 2019)[40]
Warming stripes have been applied to various consumer items and shown at various climate conferences, including the 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25).[41]
Demonstrators dressed as warming stripes during an Extinction Rebellion protest in Berlin, Germany (2019).

After Hawkins' first publication of warming stripe graphics in May 2018, broadcast meteorologists in multiple countries began to show stripe-decorated neckties, necklaces, pins and coffee mugs on-air, reflecting a growing acceptance of climate science among meteorologists and a willingness to communicate it to audiences.[42] In 2019, the United States House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis used warming stripes in its committee logo, showing horizontally oriented stripes behind a silhouette of the United States Capitol,[40] and three U.S. Senators wore warming stripe lapel pins at the 2020 State of the Union Address.[43]

On 17 June 2019,[2] Hawkins initiated a social media campaign with hashtag #ShowYourStripes that encourages people to download their regions' graphics from ShowYourStripes.info, and to post them.[23] Called "a new symbol for the climate emergency" by French magazine L'EDN,[44] warming stripes have been applied to knit-it-yourself scarves,[45] neckties, cufflinks, vehicles, and a music festival stage,[23] as well as on the side of Freiburg, Germany, streetcars,[46] as municipal murals in Córdoba, Spain,[47] and Anchorage, Alaska,[48] a mural at the Cottbus, Germany train station,[49] on face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic,[50] in an action logo of the German soccer club 1. FSV Mainz 05,[51] and on the side of the Climate Change Observatory in Valencia.[52] Remarking that "infiltrating popular culture is a means of triggering a change of attitude that will lead to mass action",[44] Hawkins surmised that making the graphics available for free has made them used more widely.[53] Hawkins further said that any merchandise-related profits are donated to charity.[53]

Through a campaign led by nonprofit Climate Central using hashtag #MetsUnite, more than 100 TV meteorologists—the scientists most laymen interact with more than any other[54]—featured warming stripes[23] and used the graphics to focus audience attention during broadcasts on summer solstices beginning in 2018[54][55] with the "Stripes for the Solstice" effort.[56]

On 24 June 2019, Hawkins tweeted that nearly a million stripe graphics had been downloaded by visitors from more than 180 countries[55] in the course of their first week.[57]

In 2018, the German Weather Service's meteorological training journal Promet showed a warming stripes graphic on the cover of the issue titled "Climate Communication".[58] By September 2019, the Met Office, the U.K.'s national weather service, was using both a climate spiral and a warming stripe graphic on its "What is climate change?" webpage.[59] Concurrently, the cover of the 21–27 September 2019 issue of The Economist, dedicated to "The climate issue," showed a warming stripe graphic,[44][60][61] as did the cover of The Guardian on the morning of the 20 September 2019 climate strikes.[61] The environmental initiative Scientists for Future (2019) included warming stripes in its logo.[49] The Science Information Service (Germany) noted in December 2019 that warming stripes were a "frequently used motif" in demonstrations by the School strike for the climate and Scientists for Future, and were also on the roof of the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven.[62] Also in December 2019, Voilà Information Design said that warming stripes "have replaced the polar bear on a melting iceberg as the icon of the climate crisis".[32] On 18 January 2020, a 20-metre-wide artistic light-show installation of warming stripes was opened at the Gendarmenmarkt in Berlin, with the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences building being illuminated in the same way.[63]

On 27 September 2019, the Fachhochschule (University of Applied Science) Potsdam announced that warming stripes graphics had won in the science category of an international competition recognising innovative and understandable visualisations of climate change,[46] the jury stating that the graphics make an "impact through their innovative, minimalist design".[5]

Extensions of warming stripes[modifier | modifier le code]

This "circular warming stripes" graphic depicts average global temperature using chronologically ordered, concentric coloured rings.[13]
This comprehensive graphic "stacks" 196 warming stripes for respective countries and groups them by continent.[64]
This stacked graphic, technically a heat map, organizes global average temperatures by month (horizontally) and by year (vertically).[65]

In 2018, University of Reading post-doctoral research assistant Emanuele Bevacqua juxtaposed vertical-stripe graphics for CO2 concentration and for average global temperature (August), and "circular warming stripes" depicting average global temperature with concentric coloured rings (November).[13]

In March 2019, German engineer Alexander Radtke extended Hawkins' historical graphics to show predictions of future warming through the year 2200, a graphic that one commentator described as making the future "a lot more visceral".[12] Radtke bifurcated the graphic to show diverging predictions for different degrees of human action in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.[12]

On or before 30 May 2019, U.K.-based software engineer Kevin Pluck designed animated warming stripes that portray the unfolding of the temperature increase, allowing viewers to experience the change from an earlier stable climate to recent rapid warming.[10]

By June 2019, Hawkins vertically stacked hundreds of warming stripe graphics from corresponding world locations and grouped them by continent to form a comprehensive, composite graphic, "Temperature Changes Around the World (1901-2018)".[22][25]

On 1 July 2019, Durham University geography research fellow Richard Selwyn Jones published a Global Glacier Change graphic, modeled after and credited as being inspired by Hawkins' #ShowYourStripes graphics, allowing global warming and global glacier retreat to be visually juxtaposed.[14] Jones followed on 8 July 2019 with a stripe graphic portraying global sea level change using only shades of blue.[11] Separately, NOAA displayed a graphic juxtaposing annual temperatures and precipitation.[4]

Critical response[modifier | modifier le code]

Some warned that warming stripes of individual countries or states, taken out of context, could advance the idea that global temperatures aren't rising,[23] though research meteorologist J. Marshall Shepherd said that "geographic variations in the graphics offer an outstanding science communication opportunity".[66] Meteorologist and #MetsUnite coordinator Jeff Berardelli said that "local stripe visuals help us tell a nuanced story—the climate is not changing uniformly everywhere".[67]

Others say the charts should include axes or legends,[23] though the website FAQ page explains the graphics were "specifically designed to be as simple as possible, and to start conversations... (to) fill a gap and enable communication with minimal scientific knowledge required to understand their meaning".[31] J. Marshall Shepherd, former president of the American Meteorological Society, lauded Hawkins' approach, writing that "it is important not to miss the bigger picture. Science communication to the public has to be different"[66] and commending Hawkins for his “innovative” approach and “outstanding science communication” effort.[23]

In The Washington Post, Matthew Cappucci wrote that the "simple graphics ... leave a striking visual impression" and are "an easily accessible way to convey an alarming trend", adding that "warming tendencies are plain as day".[3] Greenpeace spokesman Graham Thompson remarked that the graphics are "like a really well-designed logo while still being an accurate representation of very important data".[57]

CBS News contributor Jeff Berardelli noted that the graphics "aren’t based on future projections or model assumptions" in the context of stating that "science is not left or right. It’s simply factual."[3]

A September 2019 editorial in The Economist hypothesized that "to represent this span of human history (1850-2018) as a set of simple stripes may seem reductive"—noting those years "saw world wars, technological innovation, trade on an unprecedented scale and a staggering creation of wealth"—but concluded that "those complex histories and the simplifying stripes share a common cause," namely, fossil fuel combustion.[60]

Informally, warming stripes have been said to resemble "tie-died bar codes"[3] and a "work of art in a gallery".[68]

See also[modifier | modifier le code]

Technical notes[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ In his "Climate stripes for the U.K." Climate Lab Book entry (17 Sept 2018), Ed Hawkins implicitly applied the generic term "climate stripes" to both temperature and rainfall graphics, reserving the more specific term "warming stripes" to the temperature graphic.
  2. ↑ More precisely: a warming stripes graphic generally portrays temperature anomalies, which are deviations below or above a chosen reference or baseline temperature.
  3. ↑ a b c d et e Typically, warming stripe graphics portray temperature anomalies—usually, deviations from an average temperature over a chosen reference period (baseline)—and not absolute temperatures. Also, different graphics' colours may cover different-size temperature ranges (e.g., 0.10° C per colour vs. 0.15° C per colour). Accordingly, a particular colour in one graphic does not necessarily represent the same absolute temperature or temperature anomaly as the same colour in another graphic.
  4. ↑ In this Wikipedia article, most figures do not follow Hawkins' exact colour choice, as those figures were generated before the nature of Hawkins' chosen colour palette was widely publicized.

References[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ Ed Hawkins, « 2018 visualisation update / Warming stripes for 1850-2018 using the WMO annual global temperature dataset. » [archive du ], sur Climate Lab Book, (Direct link to image).
  2. ↑ a b c d et e (en) Brian Kahn, « This Striking Climate Change Visualization Is Now Customizable for Any Place on Earth », Gizmodo,‎ (lire en ligne)
  3. ↑ a b c d et e (en) Matthew Cappucci, « Show your stripes: These striking graphics that portray a warming climate are available for countries and regions », The Washington Post,‎ (lire en ligne)
  4. ↑ a b c d et e Rebecca Lindsey, « "Climate stripes" graphics show U.S. trends by state and county » [archive du ], sur climate.gov, NOAA, ● Includes Jared Rennie's temperature-precipitation graphic (archive).
  5. ↑ a b et c (de) « Visualisierungswettbewerb "Vis for Future" – das sind die Gewinner*innen (Visualization Competition "Vis for Future" - these are the winners) » [archive du ], sur Fachhochschule Potsdam (University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam),  : « (Google translate:) Whether global or local - the climatic stripes have managed to make an impact through their innovative, minimalist design and convey a message that is still urgent. »
  6. ↑ a b et c (en) « Ed Hawkins' warming stripes add colour to climate communication », National Centre for Atmospheric Science, U.K.,‎ (lire en ligne)
  7. ↑ « Show Your Stripes » [archive du ], sur climaterealitychicago, Chicago, The Climate Reality Project,
  8. ↑ a b et c (en) Brian Kahn, « This Climate Visualization Belongs in a Damn Museum », Gizmodo,‎ (lire en ligne)
  9. ↑ a b et c (en) « This Has Got to Be One of The Most Beautiful And Powerful Climate Change Visuals We've Ever Seen », Science Alert,‎ (lire en ligne)
  10. ↑ a b c et d (en) Umair Irfan, « Why this climate change data is on flip-flops, leggings, and cars / Warming stripes keep showing up on clothes and crafts », Vox,‎ (lire en ligne)
  11. ↑ a b et c Richard Selwyn Jones, « One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change. » [archive du ], sur twitter.com/selwynox, Richard Selwyn Jones, (link to image). For sea level change data, Jones cites J. A. Church et N. J. White, « Sea-Level Rise from the Late 19th to the Early 21st Century », Surv Geophys, Springer Netherlands, vol. 32, nos 4–5,‎ , p. 585–602 (DOI 10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1, Bibcode 2011SGeo...32..585C, S2CID 129765935)
  12. ↑ a b et c (en) Brian Kahn, « New Climate Change Visualization Presents Two Stark Choices For Our Future », Gizmodo,‎ (lire en ligne)
  13. ↑ a b et c Emanuele (University of Reading) Bevacqua, « Climate Change Visualizations » [archive du ], sur emanuele.bevacqua.eu, (University of Reading affiliate).
  14. ↑ a et b Richard Selwyn Jones, « Inspired by @ed_hawkins #ShowYourStripes, here's 50 years of global glacier change! » [archive du ], sur twitter.com/selwynox, Richard Selwyn Jones, (link to image). For temperature graphic Jones cites C.P. Morice, J.J. Kennedy, N.A. Rayner et P.D. Jones, « Quantifying uncertainties in global and regional temperature change using an ensemble of observational estimates: The HadCRUT4 dataset », J. Geophys. Res., vol. 117, no D8,‎ , n/a (DOI 10.1029/2011JD017187, Bibcode 2012JGRD..117.8101M) For global glacier retreat graphic, Jones cites M. Zemp, « Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016 », Nature, vol. 568, no 7752,‎ , p. 382–386 (PMID 30962533, DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-1071-0, Bibcode 2019Natur.568..382Z, S2CID 102353522, lire en ligne)
  15. ↑ a b c et d « Land + Ocean (1850 – Recent) / Monthly Global Average Temperature (annual summary) » [archive du ], sur berkeleyearth.lbl.gov, Berkeley Earth, (consulté le ) Data is based an average of "Annual Anomaly" from under "Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice" and from under "Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice", and adjusted to have a reference period (baseline) of 1961-1990 for comparison purposes.
  16. ↑ Evertz, Gabriele, « Double » [archive du ], sur gabrieleevertz.com, 1999–2000 (Wikimedia file page)
  17. ↑ « Global Temperature Change (1850-2016) » [archive du ], sur Climate Lab Book (files), University of Reading, (Animated GIF.)
  18. ↑ a b et c (en) Veronika Meduna, « The climate visualisations that leave no room for doubt or denial », The Spinoff, New Zealand,‎ (lire en ligne)
  19. ↑ (en) Jason Samenow, « Unraveling spiral: The most compelling global warming visualization ever made », The Washington Post,‎ (lire en ligne)
  20. ↑ a et b Ed Hawkins, « Warming stripes » [archive du ], sur Climate Lab Book, U.K.,
  21. ↑ « Our changing climate: learning from the past to inform future choices / Prize lecture » [archive du ], sur royalsociety.org, London, Royal Society, Hawkins described his climate spiral and warming stripes graphics in his Kavli prize lecture (video embedded in reference).
  22. ↑ a b et c (en) Jonathan Amos, « The chart that defines our warming world / Is this the simplest way to show what is meant by global warming? The chart below organises all the countries of the world by region, time and temperature. The trend is unmistakeable. », BBC,‎ (lire en ligne) (Link to png image)
  23. ↑ a b c d e f et g (en) Eli Kintisch, « New climate 'stripes' reveal how much hotter your hometown has gotten in the past century », Science,‎ (lire en ligne)
  24. ↑ a et b « #ShowYourStripes (main web page) », sur ShowYourStripes.info (consulté le )
  25. ↑ a et b (en) Adele Peters, « This is one of the simplest and best climate change graphics we've ever seen », Fast Company,‎ (lire en ligne)
  26. ↑ « Climate at a Glance / Global Time Series » [archive du ], sur ncdc.noaa.gov, NOAA (National Centers for Environmental Information; National Climatic Data Center), (consulté le ) Choose 12-Month timescale, December 1880-2019, Northern Hemisphere, Land and Ocean, Plot.
  27. ↑ « Climate at a Glance / Global Time Series » [archive du ], sur ncdc.noaa.gov, NOAA (National Centers for Environmental Information; National Climatic Data Center), (consulté le ) Choose 12-Month timescale, December 1880-2019, Southern Hemisphere, Land and Ocean, Plot.
  28. ↑ « Climate at a Glance / Global Time Series » [archive du ], sur ncdc.noaa.gov, NOAA (National Centers for Environmental Information; National Climatic Data Center), (consulté le ) Choose 12-Month timescale, December 1880-2019, Global, Land and Ocean, Plot.
  29. ↑ « Climate at a Glance / Global Time Series » [archive du ], sur ncdc.noaa.gov, NOAA (National Centers for Environmental Information; National Climatic Data Center), (consulté le ) Choose 12-Month timescale, December 1880-2019, Caribbean Islands, Land and Ocean, Plot.
  30. ↑ a et b « Warming Stripes: Global » [archive du ], sur sos.noaa.gov, NOAA (Science on a Sphere) (consulté le )
  31. ↑ a b c d et e « #ShowYourStripes / FAQ Page », sur ShowYourStripes.info (consulté le )
  32. ↑ a b c et d Erica Bugden, « Do you really understand the influential warming stripes? » [archive du ], sur Voilà Information Design,
  33. ↑ a et b « Show Your Stripes » [archive du ], sur public.wmo.int, World Meteorological Organization,
  34. ↑ James Holloway, « Global warming: Can these striking charts convince nay-sayers? » [archive du ], sur newatlas.com, New Atlas,
  35. ↑ a et b (en) Jeff Berardelli, « 2,000 years of Earth's climate in one simple chart – and the copycat that isn't what it seems », CBS News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  36. ↑ « Global Temperature / Latest Annual Average Anomaly: 2018 » [archive du ], sur climate.nasa.gov, NASA, (consulté le ) : « Download Data / Get Data: HTTP » ● Link to actual data (archive). Data was adjusted to have a reference period of 1961-1990 for comparison purposes.
  37. ↑ « AR4 Observations / Global mean temperature time series » [archive du ], sur ipcc-data.org, IPCC Data Distribution Centre, (consulté le ) : « GISS / Info / Data » ● Link to actual data (archive). Data was adjusted to have a reference period of 1961-1990 for comparison purposes.
  38. ↑ « Met Office Hadley Centre observations datasets / HadCRUT 4 » [archive du ], sur metoffice.gov.uk, Met Office, (consulté le ) : « Download Data » ● Link to data download page (under "HadCRUT4 time series: ensemble members" click on "Global (NH+SH)/2) / / Annual / " to download zip file (Image is based on an average of datasets 1-10) (archive).
    ● Data underlying this HadCRUT-based diagram is discussed by C.P. Morice, J.J. Kennedy, N.A. Rayner et P.D. Jones, « Quantifying uncertainties in global and regional temperature change using an ensemble of observational estimates: The HadCRUT4 dataset », J. Geophys. Res., vol. 117, no D8,‎ , n/a (DOI 10.1029/2011JD017187, Bibcode 2012JGRD..117.8101M)
  39. ↑ Ed Hawkins, « Atmospheric temperature trends » [archive du ], sur Climate Lab Book, (Higher-altitude cooling differences attributed to ozone depletion and greenhouse gas increases; spikes occurred with volcanic eruptions of 1982-83 (El Chichón) and 1991-92 (Pinatubo).)
  40. ↑ a et b « United States House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis / About » [archive du ], sur climatecrisis.house.gov, United States House of Representatives, Crediting Shawna Faison and House Creative Services.
  41. ↑ John Englart, « Kooky the climate activist Kookaburra visits the UNFCCC pavillion » [archive du ], sur flickr.com,
  42. ↑ (en) Jason Samenow, « Why are more than 100 television meteorologists around the world wearing this tie? », The Washington Post,‎ (lire en ligne) Inscription nécessaire
  43. ↑ (en) Christopher Giles, « Climate change: Why are US senators wearing this symbol? », BBC,‎ (lire en ligne)
  44. ↑ a b et c Margaux Dussert, Réchauffement climatique : ce graphique scientifique fait le buzz (Global warming: this scientific graph is making a buzz), (lire en ligne [archive du ])
  45. ↑ (en) Markus Mack, « Dieser selbst gestrickte Schal zeigt, wie sehr sich die Erde in 138 Jahren erwärmt hat (This self-knitted scarf shows how much the earth has warmed in 138 years) », ze.tt (Zeit Online partner), Germany,‎ (lire en ligne)
  46. ↑ a et b (de) Helena Wittlich, « Die besten Darstellungen des Klimawandels (The best illustrations of climate change) », Tagesspiegel,‎ (lire en ligne)
  47. ↑ (es) Carmen Reina, « El código climático o la huella del alza de las temperaturas hecha color (The climate code, or the trace of rising temperatures made of colour) », El Diario,‎ (lire en ligne)
  48. ↑ Renee Brincks, Anchorage public art depicts changing temperatures, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
  49. ↑ a et b (en) Michael Sauerbier, « Warnt die Bahn in Cottbus vor dem Klimawandel? / Bahnhofs-Fassade zeigt Erderwärmung (Does the train in Cottbus warn of climate change? / Station facade shows global warming) », BZ-Berlin,‎ (lire en ligne)
  50. ↑ Mark Kaufman, « Face masks show Earth's grim warming trend » [archive du ], sur Mashable,
  51. ↑ (de) « 05ER Klimaverteidiger-Woche: Neue Anspruch Durch Neue Berechnung (05ER Climate Defender Week: New Claim Through New Calculation / Warming Stripes as a warning symbol - Continuous further development of the commitment) » [archive du ], sur Mainz05.de,
  52. ↑ (es) « El Ayuntamiento de València refuerza el trabajo del Observatorio del Cambio Climático con más presupuesto y personal para incidir en educación, formación y concienciación (The Valencia City Council reinforces the work of the Climate Change Observatory with more budget and staff to influence education, training and awareness) », El Periodic,‎ (lire en ligne)
  53. ↑ a et b Henry Wong, « How a climate crisis graphic became a meme » [archive du ], sur Design Week,
  54. ↑ a et b (en) Dave Epstein, « Summer is officially here — time to show your stripes for climate change », The Boston Globe,‎ (lire en ligne)
  55. ↑ a et b (en) Ted Macdonald, « TV meteorologists kicked off the summer by talking about climate change / #MetsUnite and #ShowYourStripes campaign highlighted the importance of climate communication », Media Matters,‎ (lire en ligne)
  56. ↑ Marshall Shepherd, Why TV Meteorologists Will 'Show Their Stripes' For Climate On June 21st, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
  57. ↑ a et b (en) Charlie Filmer-Court, « Musicians to TV presenters show their stripes as climate campaign goes viral », Reuters,‎ (lire en ligne)
  58. ↑ « "Promet"-Themenheft zur Klimakommunikation ("Promet" thematic booklet on climate communication) » [archive du ], sur Deutsche Wetterdienst dwd.de (German Weather Service),
  59. ↑ « What is climate change? / How fast is the temperature rising? » [archive du ], sur Met Office, United Kingdom, Climate spiral does not appear in full in archive for some reason; it's before the caption that includes "... The temperature increases as you move away from the centre of the circle."
  60. ↑ a et b The climate issue, (lire en ligne [archive du ]) (archived announcement).
  61. ↑ a et b « The climate issue – A warming world », sur The Carbon Brief,
  62. ↑ (en) Colleen Lansnicker, « Ed Hawkins Warming Stripes on the Roof of the German Maritime Museum », IDW (Informationsdienst Wissenschaft; Scientific Information Service), Germany,‎ (lire en ligne)
  63. ↑ (en) « Claypaky Xtylos and Warming Stripes », Light and Sound Journal,‎ (lire en ligne)
  64. ↑ Ed Hawkins, « #ShowYourStripes / Temperature changes around the world (1901-2018) » [archive du ], sur Climate Lab Book, (Direct link to image).
  65. ↑ « Average World Temperature Since 1850 » [archive du ], sur Reddit, "DataIsBeautiful" subreddit, ● Data source: University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit (CRU) (archive).
  66. ↑ a et b (en) Marshall Shepherd, « Why Science For The Public Has To Be Different », Forbes,‎ (lire en ligne)
  67. ↑ Bob Henson, « Show Your Stripes: Iconic Global Warming Imagery Goes Local » [archive du ], sur wunderground.com, Weather Underground,
  68. ↑ (en) Benedict Brook, « 'Warming stripes' show how Australia's average temperatures have changed », News.com (Australia),‎ (lire en ligne)

External links[modifier | modifier le code]

Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :

  • ShowYourStripes.info — warming stripes portraying historical data through 2019 for multiple locations
  • (en) Ed Hawkins, « The story behind the viral graphic that electrified the climate movement », Fast Company,‎ (lire en ligne)
  • Jared Rennie, « Annual United States Climate Stripes: Temperature and Precipitation », sur ArcGIS, North Carolina State University — clickable map of warming stripes for each county in 48 contiguous U.S. states
  • Florian Windhager, Günther Schreder et Eva Mayr, « On Inconvenient Images: Exploring the Design Space of Engaging Climate Change Visualizations for Public Audiences », Workshop on Visualisation in Environmental Sciences (EnvirVis), The Eurographics Association,‎ , p. 1–8 (DOI 10.2312/envirvis.20191098, lire en ligne) — Survey of climate change visualizations

Modèle:Global warming


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