Utilisateur:FabBec/Hiram Bingham

Hiram Bingham, formally Hiram Bingham III, (November 19, 1875 – June 6, 1956) was an academic, explorer, treasure hunter and politician from the United States. He made public the existence of the Quechua citadel of Machu Picchu in 1911 with the guidance of local indigenous farmers. Later, Bingham served as a member of the United States Senate.

Early life

Bingham was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Hiram Bingham II (1831–1908), an early Protestant missionary to the Kingdom of Hawai'i, the grandson of Hiram Bingham I (1789–1869), another missionary. He attended O'ahu College, now known as Punahou School in Hawai'i from 1882 to 1892. He went to the United States in his teens in order to complete his education, entering Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1894. He obtained a B.A. degree from Yale University in 1898, a degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1900, and a Ph. D. degree from Harvard University in 1905. While at Yale, Bingham was a member of Acacia Fraternity. He taught history and politics at Harvard and then served as preceptor under Woodrow Wilson at Princeton University. In 1907, Yale University appointed Bingham III as a lecturer in South American history.

Archaeology

Bingham at Machu Picchu ruins, hand-colored glass slide, 1911

Bingham was not a trained archaeologist. Yet, it was during Bingham's time as a lecturer – later professor – at Yale that he discovered the largely forgotten Inca city of Machu Picchu. In 1908, he had served as delegate to the First Pan American Scientific Congress at Santiago, Chile. On his way home via Peru, a local prefect convinced him to visit the pre-Columbian city of Choquequirao. Bingham published an account of this trip in Across South America; an account of a journey from Buenos Aires to Lima by way of Potosí, with notes on Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru (1911).

Bingham was thrilled by the prospect of unexplored Inca cities, and in 1911 returned to the Andes with the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911. On July 24, 1911, Melchor Arteaga led Bingham to Machu Picchu, which had been largely forgotten by everybody except the small number of people living in the immediate valley (possibly including two local missionaries named Thomas Payne and Stuart McNairn whose descendants claim that they had already climbed to the ruins in 1906). Also the Cusco explorers Enrique Palma, Gabino Sanchez and Agustín Lizarraga are said to have arrived at the site in 1901.

Bingham returned to Peru in 1912 and 1915 with the support of Yale and the National Geographic Society.

Machu Picchu has become one of the major tourist attractions in South America, and Bingham is recognized as the man who brought the site to world attention, although many others helped to bring this site into the public eye. The switchback-filled road that carries tourist buses to the site from the Urubamba River is called the Hiram Bingham Highway.

Bingham has been cited as one possible basis for the "Indiana Jones" character. His book Lost City of the Incas became a bestseller upon its publication in 1948.

Peru has long sought the return of the estimated 40,000 artifacts, including mummies, ceramics and bones, that Bingham had excavated and exported from the Machu Picchu site. On September 14, 2007, an agreement was made between Yale University and the Peruvian government for the return of the objects. On April 12, 2008, the Peruvian government stated that it had revised previous estimates of 4,000 pieces up to 40,000.

Prior discoverers of Machu Picchu

Soon after Bingham announced the existence of Machu Picchu others came forward claiming to have seen the city first, such as the British missionary Thomas Payne and a German engineer named J. M. von Hassel. Recent discoveries have put forth a new claimant, a German named Augusto Berns who bought land opposite the Machu Picchu mountain in the 1860s and then tried to raise money from investors to plunder nearby Incan ruins. An 1874 map shows the site of Machu Picchu.

Marriage and family

Hiram Bingham painted by Mary Foote, wife of Harry Ward Foote, Yale chemistry professor who was Bingham's companion on his trips to Peru

He married Alfreda Mitchell, granddaughter of Charles L. Tiffany, on November 20, 1899, and had seven sons: Woodbridge (1901–1986) (professor), Hiram Bingham IV (1903–1988) (diplomat and World War II hero), Alfred Mitchell Bingham (1905–1998) (lawyer and author), Charles Tiffany (1906–1993) (physician), Brewster (1908–1995) (minister), Mitchell (1910–1994) (artist), and Jonathan Brewster Bingham (1914–1986) (Democratic Congressman). After a divorce he married Suzanne Carroll Hill in June 1937.

In 1982 Temple University Press published Char Miller's doctoral dissertation on the Bingham family titled "Fathers and sons: The Bingham family and the American mission."

Military

Bingham achieved the rank of captain of the Connecticut National Guard in 1916. In 1917, he became an aviator and organized the United States Schools of Military Aeronautics at eight universities to provide ground school training for aviation cadets. He served the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps and the Air Service, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel. In Issoudun, France, Bingham commanded the Third Aviation Instruction Center, the Air Service's largest primary instruction and pursuit training school. He became a supporter of the Air Service in their post-war quest for independence from the Army and supported that effort, in part, with the publication of his wartime experiences titled, An Explorer in the Air Service published in 1920 by Yale University Press.

Politics

In 1922, Bingham was elected Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, an office he held until 1924. In November 1924, he was elected Governor. On December 16, 1924, Bingham was also elected as a Republican to serve in the United States Senate to fill a vacancy created by the suicide of Frank Bosworth Brandegee. Bingham defeated noted educator Hamilton Holt by a handy margin. Now both Governor-elect and Senator-elect, Bingham served as Governor for one day, the shortest term of any Connecticut Governor.

Bingham was re-elected to a full six-year term in the Senate in 1926.

Senator Bingham was Chairman of the Committee on Printing and then Chairman of the Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions. President Calvin Coolidge appointed Bingham to the President's Aircraft Board during his first term in the Senate; the press quickly dubbed the ex-explorer "The Flying Senator".

Bingham failed in his second reelection effort in the wake of the 1932 Democratic landslide following the Great Depression and left the Senate at the end of his second term in 1933.

During World War II, Bingham lectured at several United States Navy training schools. In 1951, Bingham was appointed Chairman of the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board, an assignment he kept through 1953.

Censure In The Senate

The Senate Judiciary Subcommittee investigated an arrangement between Bingham, his clerk, and a lobbyist who agreed to pass information on to Bingham's office after executing a plan that was irregular, "even by the standards of his day." Bingham took his clerk off duty, and paid his salary to the lobbyist, thus allowing him to attend as a Senate staffer to closed meetings of the Finance Committee's deliberations on tariff legislation.

The initial ruling of the Judiciary Subcommittee was a condemnation of Bingham's scheme; but recommended no formal Senate action. Subsequently, Bingham decided to label the subcommittee's inquiry as a partisan witch hunt, provoking further Senate interest which eventually led to a resolution of censure that passed on November 4, 1929, by a vote of 54 to 22.

Death

On June 6, 1956, Bingham died at his Washington, D.C. home. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.

See also

Modèle:Portal Eternity in their Hearts by Don Richardson, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1981. (ISBN 0-8307-0925-8), pages 34–35

External links

• Œuvres de Hiram Bingham sur le projet Gutenberg
• Works by Hiram Bingham at Internet Archive
• Works by Hiram Bingham at Google Books
• Selection from Bingham's The Lost City of the Incas
• Machu Picchu on the Web - The Discovery
• Inca Land, by Hiram Bingham
• The Explorer of Machi Picchu by Alfred M. Bingham web site
• Descendants of Hiram
• Bingham in fur coat with Orville Wright and Amelia Earhart at dedication of Wright Brothers National Memorial; Kitty Hawk North Carolina, December 1928

(«  »)

Hiram Bingham (né le 19 novembre 1875 à Honolulu, Hawaï et mort le 6 juin 1956 à Washington) est un explorateur et homme politique américain. Bien qu’il soit considéré comme un archéologue, il préféra toujours le terme explorateur, insistant pour être décrit ainsi dans les Who’s Who de son époque.

Biographie

Bingham est né à Honolulu (Hawaii) et est fils et petit-fils de missionnaires protestants du royaume de Hawaï. Alors adolescent, il s'établit aux États-Unis afin d'y poursuivre ses études. Il obtient un diplôme de Yale en 1898, un de l'université de Californie en 1900 et un de Harvard en 1905. Il travaille ensuite comme professeur d'histoire et de politique à Harvard puis à Princeton.

Il devient explorateur pendant son professorat à Princeton. En 1909, il se rend au Pérou et y découvre la culture inca. Lors d'une mission en 1911, il découvre la cité inca de Machu Picchu dans les Andes péruviennes. Il met au jour des centaines de tombes, exhume des jarres, des plats, des bijoux. Il parvient à cartographier la région du Machu Picchu et à découvrir les principales voies d'accès au site, ainsi que de nouvelles ruines. Sa découverte fut d’autant plus retentissante qu’elle parut dans le magazine National Geographic d'avril 1913.

Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, il servit dans l'aviation de la US Army, commandant une école à Issoudun. En 1924 il devient gouverneur, puis sénateur républicain du Connecticut. Il perdit son siège en 1932.

Il publia en 1948 Lost City of The Inca, ouvrage racontant sa découverte.

Il inspira George Lucas pour créer le personnage d'Indiana Jones.

Œuvres

• (en) The Journal of an expedition across Venezuela and Colombia (1906-1907). An exploration of the route of Bolivar's celebrated march of 1819 and of the battle-fields of Boyacá and Carabobo, Yale publishing association, New Haven (Connecticut), 1909, VIII-287 p.
• (en) The Monroe doctrine, an obsolete shibboleth, Yale University press, New Haven (Connecticut), 1913, IX-154 p. – Ex-libris de l’American Chamber of commerce in Paris.
• (en) : An Explorer in the air service, Yale University press, New Haven (Connecticut), 1920, XIV-260 p.
• (en) Lost city of the Incas, the story of Machu Picchu and its builders, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York, 1948, XVIII-263 p.. Éditions françaises :
  • La Fabuleuse découverte de la cité perdue des Incas : la découverte de Machu Picchu (traduit de l'américain et annoté par Philippe Babo, avec une préface de Danièle Lavallée), éditions Pygmalion, coll. « Les Grandes aventures de l'archéologie », Paris, 1989, 315 p., (ISBN 2-85704-308-2). – Réédition : éditions Pygmalion, [sans titre de collection], Paris, 2008, 315 p., (ISBN 978-2-7564-0216-1)