Discussion:Shanghaïen
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Shanghainese is rich in consonants and pure vowels [i y ɿ ɥ e ø E ə ɵ a ɒ ɔ ɤ o u]. Like other northern Wu dialects, the Shanghai dialect has voiced initials [b d g z v dʑ ʑ]. Neither Mandarin nor Cantonese has voiced initials.
> "voiced initals" ? "consonants" ?...
>>"voiced initals" = initiales sonores ou voisées ; "consonants" = consonnes. R@vən 8 février 2006 à 12:29 (CET)
Mots et phrases courants en shanghaien[modifier le code]
traduction | Romanisation VT | Lumazi | Chicago | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shanghaien: | Zorn`hay ay`o | Zanheireiwo | Zånheiraeroo | zɑ̃hɛ ɛ̤ʊ̤ |
bonjour: | non hor | non ho | non hau | nõ hɔː |
au revoir: | `tzayway | tzéiwei | tseiwei | ˈtsɛwɛ |
s'il te plaît: | tcin | chin | tshin | ʧʰin |
merci: | xa`xa non | zhazha non | ziaaziaa non | ʒaja nõ |
désolé: | Tay`vettci | teivechi | teivechii | tɛvɐˑʧʰi |
celui-ci: | `aytzaq | éitza | eitså | ˈɛtsɐʔ |
ici: | `aytaq | éitae | eita | ˈɛtɐʔ |
là: | `aymitaq | éimitae | eimeeta | ˈɛmitɐʔ |
ici: | gettaq | getae | geta | gɐˑtɐʔ |
où: | a`litaq, sa`diforn | ralitae, sadifan | raaliita, saadiifån | a̤ɺitɐʔ, sadifɑ̃ |
lequel/laquelle: | a`litzaq | ralitza | raaliitså | a̤ɺitsɐʔ |
quoi: | sa | sa | saa | sa |
qui: | sa`jnin | sanin | saagnin | sanin |
quand: | sa`zenkworn | sazenkuan | saazenkuån | sazənkuɑ̃ |
comment: | na`nen, na`na, na`nenka | nanen, nana, nanenka | naanen, naanaa, naanenkaa | nanən, nana, nanənka |
combien?: | Txiti` a? | Cidi a? | Ciidee a? | ʧidi |
oui: | ay | éi | ei | ˈɛ |
non: | vez`zir, m`meq, vjor | vezi, mme, vio | vezi, umme, viau | vɐˑzl, m̩mɐʔ, viɔ |
chez soi: | qol`lican | Oelishan | Oliixian | oˑɺiʃɑ̃ |
Où sont les toilettes?: | Tsir`sukay lella sa`teq? | Tsisukei leila ralitae? | Tshisoukae leila raaliita? | tsʰlsɯkɛ ɺɐˑɺɐʔ a̤ɺitɐʔ |
Je ne sais pas: | Knu veq `corteq. | Wo veshiote. | Rou (Ngou) vexiaute. | ʊ̤ vɐˑʃɔtɐʔ |
Anglais: | `Inven | Ínven | Inven | ˈinvən |
Parlez-vous Anglais?: | Non `Inven way`teq korn `va? | Non Ínven weite kan va? | Non Inven weite kån va? | nõ ˈinvən wɛtɐʔ kãː va |
Je t'aime: | Knu qay `non. | Wo ei non. | Rou ei non. | ʊ̤ ɛː nõ |
Je t'adore: | Knu qay`moq non. | Wo eimuo non. | Rou eimou non. | ʊ̤ ɛmoʔ nõ |
Je t'adore aussi: | Knu qay`mossaq non! | Wo eimuosae non! | Rou eimousa non! | ʊ̤ ɛmoˑsɐʔ nõ |
Je t'aime beaucoup: | Knu lor `hwoyci non eq! | Wo lo heushi non re! | Rou lau huoexii non ge. | ʊ̤ ɺɔː ˈhøʃi nõ ɐ̤ʔ |
Unlike Mandarin, Shanghainese actually has the direct "yes" (ay/éi/ei) similar to English. À la différence du mandarin, le shanghaien a un "oui" (ay/éi/ei) direct comparable au français.
À propos des romanisations:
- Romanisation VT: Hui LI, Center for Anthropological Studies, Université de Fudan (Shanghai)
- Lumazi, Chicago: W.Z. Yin, Université de Chicago
Initiales[modifier le code]
Labiales | Dentales | Silibants | Palatales | Vélaires | Glottales | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unvoiced Unaspirated Stops | p | t | ʦ | ʨ | k | (ʔ) |
Unvoiced Aspirated Stops | pʰ | tʰ | ʦʰ | ʨʰ | kʰ | |
Voiced Stops | b | d | dʑ | g | ||
Nasales | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Unvoiced Fricatives | f | s | ɕ | h | ||
Voiced Fricatives | v | z | ʑ | ɦ | ||
Liquids | (w) | l | (j) |
Shanghai dialect has a set of voiced initials and exhibits unvoiced unaspirated and aspirated stops. Moreover, there are unvoiced and voiced fricatives sets. Palatized initials also feature in Shanghai dialect. The /l/ consonant is also particular in that there is a slight flapping of the tongue during speech, somewhat similar to the Japanese r (although lateral and not post-alveolar). The sound may be made by lightly placing the tongue on the back of the upper set of teeth. However this flapping is not present when each character is individually pronounced.
Rimes[modifier le code]
Vowel | Diphthong | Nasal Ending | Nasalised Rime | Glottal Stop |
(m, n) ŋ | ||||
ɿ | ||||
ɥ | ||||
i | ii, iɪ, iɯ, iE, iɔ, ia | iŋ, iiŋ, ioŋ | iã | iɪʔ, iɤʔ, ioʔ, iaʔ |
y | yø | yiŋ | yɪʔ | |
u | uE, uø, uo, ua | uəŋ | uã, uɒ̃ | uɤʔ, uoʔ, uaʔ |
ɪ | ɪʔ | |||
ø | ||||
ɤ | ɤɯ | ɤʔ | ||
o | ou | oŋ | oʔ | |
ei | ||||
ɚ | ||||
əŋ | ||||
E | ||||
ɔ | ||||
a | aŋ | ã | aʔ | |
ɒ̃ |
The Middle Chinese [ -m ] ending rimes in Shanghai dialect have merged with [ -n ], some of which subsequently dropped off. Some Middle Chinese [ -ŋ ] ending rime characters have become rimes with a nasalised ending, [ iã, uã, uɒ̃ ]. Middle Chinese [ -p -t -k ] rimes have become glottal stops [ -ʔ ].
In certain variants, the [ u ] is pronounced unrounded (close back unrounded, [ ɯ ]).
Tones[modifier le code]
陰 Yin | 陰平 Yin Ping | (陰上 Yin Shang) | 陰去 Yin Qu | 陰入 Yin Ru |
53 | (55) | 34 | 55 | |
陽 Yang | 陽舒 Yang Shu | 陽入 Yang Ru | ||
13 | 13 |
The Yang Shu tone is composed of Yang registers of the Ping, Shang and Qu tone characters. The Yin Ru and Yang Ru tones are abrupt tones, and apply only to those rimes in Shanghai dialect, which end in the glottal stop [ ʔ ]. The Yin Shang tone (/55/) is not common in today's variants of the Shanghai dialect, having merged into the Yin Qu tone. If the Ru tone and tones automatically related to the voiced initials (b d g z v dʑ ʑ) are not considered (as they are fixed into the syllabic structure), then the Shanghai dialect has only 2 live tonal contrasts (/53/ and /34/). This makes it especially unique amongst Chinese dialects.
Advanced tone sandhi and argument for pitch accent classification:[modifier le code]
In polysyllabic words or set phrases, all syllables after the first lose their original tones and are pronounced based on the table below as "neutral" syllables. Even the first syllable that determines subsequent pitches is altered in a polysyllabic word. The patterns vary depending on the number of syllables in the word or set short phrase.
1st syllable original tone | 2 syllables | 3 syllables | 4 syllables | 5 syllables |
53 | 55 - 21 | 55 - 33 - 31 | 55 - 33 - 33 - 31 | 55 - 33 - 33 - 33 - 31 |
H - L | H - L - L | H - L - L - L | H - L - L - L - L | |
34 | 33 - 44 | 33 - 55 - 31 | 33 - 55 - 33 - 31 | 33 - 55 - 33 - 33 - 31 |
L - H | L - H - L | L - H - L - L | L - H - L - L - L | |
13 | 22 - 44 | 22 - 55 - 31 | 22 - 55 - 33 - 31 | 22 - 55 - 33 - 33 - 31 |
L - H | L - H - L | L - H - L - L | L - H - L - L - L | |
5 | 33 - 44 | 33 - 55 - 31 | 33 - 55 - 33 - 31 | 33 - 55 - 33 - 33 - 31 |
L - H | L - H - L | L - H - L - L | L - H - L - L - L | |
2 | 11 - 23 | 11 - 22 - 23 | 11 - 22 - 22 - 23
or 22 - 55 - 33 - 31 depending on word | 22 - 55 - 33 - 33 - 31 |
L - H | L - H - H | L - H - H - H or L - H - L - L | L - H - L - L - L |
H = relative high pitch; L = relative low pitch
Notice that these patterns are quite similar to Japanese pitch accent patterns. Tone sandhi of polysyllabic compounds in the Shanghai dialect has attracted the interest of many scholars, who have previously given only careful consideration to the tone of the monosyllable while trying to describe the rules of tone sandhi for polysyllabic compounds. It has been argued that the number of tones of the Shanghai dialect, generally held to be five under previous analyses, can be reduced to only two underlying tone patterns, or tonemes, by recognizing the existence of the phoneme "voiced h" (Xiaowen Shen, University of Tokyo).
Chicago Romanization[modifier le code]
Northern Wu Romanization Scheme, developed by W.Z. Yin of the University of Chicago (芝加哥大学). The below romanization unites Shanghainese and Suzhou-hua, and is highly representative of other Northern Wu dialects as well. The initials and finals inventory below is by far the most extensive of any major Chinese dialect and has high correspondence with early Middle Chinese (just before Tang Dynasty) phonology.
Example sentences:
搿能家好孛相法子个游戏值得收藏。
Genenkaa haubesianfatsi ge yeushii zete seuzån.
A game this fun is worthy of keeping.
阿拉现在主要个问题就是哪能去解决搿只拼音个事体。勒勒搿前头,阿拉呒没别个花头个。
Ala yeezei tsuiauge vendii zieu zi naanen chii ciaacue getså phinin ge zithii. Leile ge zieedeu, ala umme biege hoodeu ge.
Our key concern now is how to solve the romanization problem. Before solving that, we have no other options.
Fudan Romanization[modifier le code]
(Vottay Da`oc复旦大学) Initials
Labials | Dentals | Silibants | Palatals | Velars | Glottals | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unvoiced Unaspirated Stops | p | t | tz | tx | k | q |
Unvoiced Aspirated Stops | ph | th | ts | tc | kh | |
Voiced Stops | b | d | dx | g | ||
Nasals | m | n | jn | kn | ||
Unvoiced Fricatives | f | s | c | h | ||
Voiced Fricatives | v | z | x | ’ | ||
Liquids | w | l | j |
Rimes
Vowel | Semivowel | Nasal Ending | Glottal Stop | Example | Meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | c | ||||||
ɿ,l | î | ir | `tzirsec | knowledge | |||
i | j | j | je,jay,jor,ja | jon | jec,joc,jac | je`ci | game |
y | ü | uy | yoy | yn | yc | yn`ton | sports |
u | u | u | way,woy,wo,wa | un,wan,worn | wec,woc,wac | worn`ti | emperor |
I | i | i | in | ic | `injon | hero | |
ø | ö | oy | `qoyba | arrange | |||
ɤ,ə | e | e | en | eq | elli | reasonable | |
o | o | o | on | oc | o`te | underside | |
ë | ey | qey` | hi | ||||
ɚ | er | er | while | ||||
E,ɛ | ä | ay | `fayga | tomato | |||
ɔ | ô | or | orn | zorzorn | upward | ||
a | a | a | an | ac | a`can | shoe-cabinet | |
single | m | `mma | mom | ||||
gn | gn | fish |
Glottal Stop “c” can be replaced by double writing the following consonantal letter except for”m,n,h”.
There shall be only one of the vocalic letters (A,E,I,O,U) in one monosyllable,as there are no true diphthongal syllables in Shanghai dialect.
Rimes "UYN", "UYQ" can be shortened by "YN", "YC".
Tones
Long | Short | Light | Stop | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | 55 | 53 | 5 | ||
High | `lon | lon` | `loq | ||
Low | 334 | 34 | 33 | 13 | 2 |
Low | lon | lon | lon | loq | loq |
The short high tone is only used in a monosyllable or the last syllable of a polysyllable. Long or short low tones are almost the same. Light low tone is always used in a polysyllable.
H-L | L-H | H-L-L | L-H-L | L-L-H | H-L-H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
`lonlon | lon`lon | `lonlonlon | lon`lonlon | lonlonlon` | `lonlonlon` |
55-33 | 334-55 | 55-33-334 | 33-55-33 | 334-33-53 | 55-33-53 |
This romanisation was designed by LI Hui, Center for Anthropological Studies at Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
References[modifier le code]
- Lance Eccles, Shanghai dialect: an introduction to speaking the contemporary language. Dunwoody Press, 1993. (ISBN 1-881265-11-0). 230pp + cassette. (An introductory course in 29 units).
See also[modifier le code]
External links[modifier le code]
- Project to Introduce and Promote Shanghainese: Background, audio, lessons, phonology, and forums. In English.
- Shanghai Dialect: Resources on Shanghai dialect including a Web site (in Japanese) that gives common phrases with sound files
- Conversational Shanghai Chinese: An online textbook of Shanghainese, with audio.
- Shanghainese-Mandarin Soundboard: A soundboard (requires Flash) of common Mandarin Chinese phrases with Shanghainese equivalents.
Category:Shanghai culture Category:Chinese language Category:City colloquials
de:Shanghaiische Sprache ja:上海語 zh:上海话
Fawu (la façon française) et la confusion des romanisations du Shanghaïen[modifier le code]
Ce paragraphe, mêle de manière un peu obscure statut officiel du shanghaien et méthode de romanisation, avec une grosse partie qu'on ne peut à mon avis pas garder en l'état dans laquelle quelqu'un raconte ses propres aventures avec la romanisation. Il faudrait revoir un peu ça.