Aide:Prononciation API pour le gaélique écossais
Apparence
Le tableau suivant indique la manière de prononcer le gaélique écossais, en utilisant l'alphabet phonétique international (IPA), dans les articles Wikipedia.
Reportez-vous à la Phonologie du gaélique écossais pour plus de détails sur les sonorités de la lange, et à la Syntaxe du gaélique écossais pour la correspondance exacte entre les phonèmes et les lettres en Gaélique Écossais.
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Varying IPA conventions[modifier | modifier le code]
Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. Most systems vary from pure IPA, particularly the systems used in Celtic Studies. The following table lists some of the variations commonly encountered. If an IPA symbol is not in the table below, this indicates that the source uses the same symbol as above.
Borgstrøm (1937)[5] (Barra) |
Borgstrøm (1940)[6] (Outer Hebrides) |
Oftedal (1956)[7] (Lewis) |
Ó Murchú (1989)[8] (East Perthshire) |
Cox (2002)[9] (Lewis) |
Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[10] (over-regional) |
Black (2006)[11] (over-regional) |
Klevenhaus (2009)[12] Bauer (2011)[13] (both over-regional) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ç | ç | ç′ | ç | x′ | ç | ç | ç | ç |
ʝ | j | j′ | ǰ | ɣ′ | ʝ | j | j | ʝ |
k | g̊, k | g̬, k | g | ɡ | g | g | g[14], k[15] | g |
kʲ | g̊′, k′ | g̬′, k′ | ǵ | ɡ′ | g̭' | gʲ | gʲ, kʲ | gʲ |
kʰ | kʽ | kʽ | k | k | k | k | k | k |
kʲʰ | k′ʽ | k′ʽ | ḱ | k′ | k′ | kʲ | kʲ | kʲ |
l̪ˠ | L | L | L | ɬ | L | ɫ̪ | L | L |
ʎ | L′ | L′ | L′ | NC | L′ | ʎ | Lʲ | Lʲ |
l | l′ | l′ | l | l | l | l | l | l |
n̪ˠ | N | N | N | NC | N | ᵰ̪ | N | N |
ɲ | N′ | N′ | N′ | NC | N′ | ɲ | Nʲ | Nʲ |
p | b̥, p | b̬, p | b | b | b | b | b, p | b |
pʰ | pʽ | pʽ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
rˠ | R | R, Ṛ | R | NC | R | ᵲ | R | R |
ɾ | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r |
ɾʲ | r′ | r′, ð′ | ð | NC | ð | rʲ | rʲ | rʲ |
s̪ | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | š | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ |
t̪ | d̥, t | d̬, t | d | d | d | d̪ | d, t | d |
tʲ | d̥′ž, d̥′, t′ | d̬′ž, d̬′, t′ | d′ | ǰ | d′ | dʲ | dʲ, tʲ | dʲ |
t̪ʰ | tʽ | tʽ | t | t | t | t̪ | t | t |
tʲʰ | tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ | tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ | t′ | č | t′ | tʲ | tʲ | tʲ |
ɯ | ʎ | ʎ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ʎ | ɯ |
ɤ | ø | ø | ə | ɤ | ɤ | ɤ | ə | ɤ |
ɛ | ɛ, æ | ɛ, æ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ |
a | a | a | a | ɑ | a | a | a | a |
Notes and references[modifier | modifier le code]
- Scottish Gaelic makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹prononcé : [ˠ]›, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the prononcé : /l/ in English pill in some accents, like RP and General American, and in all positions in Scottish English. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›.
- "Slender" (palatalized) consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹prononcé : [ʲ]›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e›, ‹i›.
- Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide prononcé : /j/.
- In initial position, the aspirated stops prononcé : /kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/ are postaspirated prononcé : [kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated prononcé : [ʰk, ʰkʲ, ʰp, ʰt̪, ʰtʲ].
- Carl Hjalmar Borgstrøm, « The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides », Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, vol. 8, , p. 71–242
- (en) Carl Hjalmar Borgstrøm, The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides, Oslo, Aschehoug, coll. « A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1) »,
- (en) Magne Oftedal, The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo, Aschehoug, coll. « A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4) »,
- (en) Máirtín Ó Murchú, East Perthshire Gaelic, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, (ISBN 0-901282-93-6)
- (en) Richard A. V. Cox, The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis, School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, (ISBN 1-85500-192-6)
- (en) Roibeard Ó Maolalaigh, Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks, Edinburgh, Birlinn, (ISBN 978-1-84158-643-4)
- (en) Ronald Black, Cothrom Ionnsachaidh, Edinburgh, (ISBN 0906981336)
- (en) Michael Klevenhaus, Lehrbuch der schottish-gälischen Sprache, Hamburg, Buske, (ISBN 978-3-87548-520-2)
- (en) Michael Bauer, Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation, Glasgow, Akerbeltz, (ISBN 978-1907165009)
- Word-initially
- Medially or final