Utilisateur:Emilie1122/Brouillon
[modifier | modifier le code]
Lophomyrtus obcordata commonly known by its Māori name rōhutu or tutuhi, is an angiosperm shrub of Myrtaceae, in the genus Lophomyrtus. It is an endemic species of New Zealand, usually found in lowland forest[1]. Lophormyrtus come from the ancient Greek lóphos (crest), meaning bunches; and Myrtus (myrtle) meaning myrtle tree. Obcordata is associated with a heart-shaped leaf, attached to the peduncle by the pointed end.
Identification[modifier | modifier le code]
Vegetative appartus[modifier | modifier le code]
Lophomyrtus obcordata is from the dicot family, that is to say, it is an angiosperm plant, the seed of which has two cotyledons. It is classified as a tall bushy shrub whose size can reach up to c. 5 or 6 m[1]. This shrub has a smooth trunk beige hidden by pieces of greyish bark whose diameter is about 0.2 m[2]. The branches are spread out; the branchlets are numerous, erect, of the subcylindrical type, and slightly pubescent[1].
The leaves are much smaller than those of other trees of the same genus (e.g. Lophomyrtus bullata)[3]. These leaves are thick, heart-shaped, opposite or fasciculate, glabrous when adult (and pubescent before), and 5 to 10 mm long and wide. They are carried by petioles 1 mm long, rather fragile and brittle[1].
Plant reproductive system[modifier | modifier le code]
The flowers are axillary and solitary, 6 to 8 mm in diameter, borne by fine pubescent pedicels about 20 mm long. It has four sepals, four white petals, and a large number of stamens (about 100 or more)[2]. The ovary is inferior - that is to say, surrounded by the receptacle and has two or three compartments and therefore two or three placentas (axile placentation) where there are a large number of ovules[1].
The fruits are oval berries of bright red to dark red color, and their size is 6 mm long. The seeds are brown, bean-shaped, with a resistant, glabrous, and rather smooth seed coat[2]. They are produced in very large numbers[4][1].
Geographic Distribution and habitat[modifier | modifier le code]
Natural global range[modifier | modifier le code]
Formerly placed in the genus Myrtus found mainly in South America, Lophomyrtus obcordata is now classified as endemic to New Zealand[3]. The genus Lophomyrtus is endemic to New Zealand, but not the Myrtaceae[1].
New Zealand range[modifier | modifier le code]
Lophomyrtus obcordata is an endemic species of New Zealand. It can be found on both, the North and South Islands, although it is found mainly on the South Island[1].
It grows well in coastal forests and rather at low altitudes. For example, it can be found in the forest of Westland, where the rich and deep soils and the heat are conducive to its development since this species is rather tolerant to drought[5].
Habitat preferences[modifier | modifier le code]
Lophomyrtus obcordata is mostly found in coastal forests, but also in the montane forests - although more often present in coastal and lowland habitats[1]. Occasionally, it can be found in the alluvial forests of the eastern South Island[1].
This shrub is found in the forest understory and in rock-like habitats[6].
Life cycle, phenology[modifier | modifier le code]
The data concerning the flowering and dispersal period vary, according to the region concerned. Flowering takes place from December to March, or after depending on the climate[1]. For example, in the Banks Peninsula, the flowering seems to be earlier, from December to January[2]. Fruiting takes place from January to May.
There is no information known regarding germination. The lack of information on the phenology of Lophomyrtus obcordata makes the conservation of this species difficult.
For information, Lophomyrtus obcordata is diploid with 22 pairs of chromosomes[1].
Diet, Prey, Predators[modifier | modifier le code]
Diet[modifier | modifier le code]
Lophomyrtus obcordata grows in rich and deep soils, loamy, and possibly clay soils[7]. Loamy soils are very rich and fertile soils, conducive to the good development of plants[7]. These soils are rather light and heat up quickly during sunshine. However, these soils become depleted over time, which can harm the development of Lophomyrtus obcordata.
It prefers moist soils. It adapts quite easily to any type of pH, but its development will be limited in acid soils[8].
Predators, Parasites, and Diseases[modifier | modifier le code]
Predators:
Lophomyrtus obcordata has foliage and fruit that are very attractive to birds, insects, and pollinators such as bees[7]. These species may be endemic to New Zealand, or adventive.
The Landcare Research of Manaaki Whenua gives a list of 14 species that are in association with Lophomyrtus obcordata[9]. They can be classified according to their order. For example, Lepidoptera and Hemiptera feed on the leaves and can therefore be problematic for shrubs.
Parasites and diseases:
There are no known parasites specific to Lophomyrtus obcordata. However, some parasites generally attack plants of the Myrtaceae family.
One of the biggest threats to this family is Austropuccinia psidii, the cause of myrtle rust disease. The rust spreads very quickly and destroys endemic species of the Myrtaceae family, particularly Lophomyrtus obcordata, but also another close species, Lophomyrtus bullata (ramarama). Unfortunately, even today the control of this disease is still inefficient, due to a lack of knowledge[10].
Myrtle rust: what it is?
It is a fungal disease that can affect the plant of the Myrtaceae family. This disease forms bright yellow spots, like pimples. These are spores that spread from one plant to another. It quickly spreads over the entire surface of the leaf, starting from the underside. The oldest spores are brown and gray. If the disease spreads too much, the leaves may curl up, and necroses may appear[11] (“Resources for gardeners”, s.d.).
Cultural uses[modifier | modifier le code]
The bark was apparently used for small carvings. From the bark and berries, it is possible to make essential oils, for example against menstrual pain[12] (Lophomyrtus obcordata. Rōhutu., 2007).
Today, this shrub can be used for landscaping, as a hedge. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the spread of Myrtle Rust, increasingly due to global warming[1].
Conservation[modifier | modifier le code]
Lophomyrtus obcordata was officially listed as “threatened” and “nationally critical” in New Zealand in 2018[1]. To give an example of what has been done to preserve this species, 89 individuals were planted on Otamahua and Quail Island between 1998 and 2010[13].
Because of the potential disappearance of Lophomyrtus obcordata, and the threat posed by the propagation of the myrtle rust disease, it is urgent to develop conservation projects. A study has been carried out on the possibility of ex-situ conservation, which can be used in complement to in-situ conservation[14]. This can be whole-plant or conservation of seed, pollen and germplasm. It is better to use the seeds because they are easier to use. The creation of a seed bank makes it possible to preserve an intra-population genetic variability essential to the maintenance of a species[14] .
Accordong to the study of Karin Van der Walt and Jayanthi Nadarajan[15], the species must be desiccation and cold-tolerant. The structure and the composition of the seeds were also studied. The study showed good desiccation tolerance and fairly good seed viability. These conclusions seem positive for the future[15].
References[modifier | modifier le code]
- (en) De Lange, « Lophomyrtus obcordata Fact Sheet », sur New Zealand Plant Conservation Network,
- (en) Hugh Dale Wilson, Plant Life on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, Cromwell, New Zealand : Manuka Press, , 412 p. (ISBN 9780958329965), p. 68
- (en) Marguerite Johnson, Elizabeth Esther Johnson, New Zealand flowering plants, Christchurch,New Zealand, Christchurch, Printed at the Caxton Press, , 196 p., p. 121
- (en) « Lophomyrtus obcordata (Raoul) Burret », sur NZFlora (consulté le )
- (en) Peter Wardle, Vegetation of Nez Zealand, United State, Caldwell, N.J. : Blackburn Press, , 672 p. (ISBN 193066558X)
- (en) Peter N. Johnson, Otago Peninsula plants : an annotated list of vascular plants growing in wild places, Dunedin, New Zealand, Dunedin, N.Z. : Save The Otago Peninsula Inc., , 94 p. (ISBN 047600473X), p. 57
- (en) « Lophomyrtus obcordata | Rōhutu », sur WAI-ORA (consulté le )
- (en) « Lophomyrtus - (Sol. ex Cunn.)Burret. », sur Plants For A Future (consulté le )
- (en) « Lophomyrtus obcordata (Raoul) Burret (Host Plant) », sur Landcare Research (consulté le )
- (en) Mel Galbraith et Dan Blanchon, « Editorial », Perspectives in Biosecurity, no 1, (ISSN 2538-0125, DOI 10.34074/pibs.00701, lire en ligne, consulté le )
- (en) « Resources for gardeners », sur Manaaki Whenua (consulté le )
- (en) « Lophomyrtus obcordata. Rōhutu. - Ngā Rauropi Whakaoranga », sur Landcare Research, (consulté le )
- (en) Hugh D. Wilson et C. J. Burrows, The island's plants : ecorestoration of Otamahua/Quail Island, 1997-2010, Christchurch, New Zealand, Ecological Restoration Trust, , 130 p. (ISBN 978-0-473-19441-3 et 0-473-19441-4, OCLC 769219556, lire en ligne), p. 120
- (en) Jayanthi Nadarajan, Karin van der Walt, Carlos A. Lehnebach et Hassan Saeiahagh, « Integrated ex situ conservation strategies for endangered New Zealand Myrtaceae species », New Zealand Journal of Botany, vol. 59, no 1, (ISSN 0028-825X, DOI 10.1080/0028825X.2020.1754245, lire en ligne, consulté le )
- (en) Karin van der Walt et Jayanthi Nadarajan, « Seed Storage Physiology of Lophomyrtus and Neomyrtus, Two Threatened Myrtaceae Genera Endemic to New Zealand », Plants, vol. 12, no 5, (ISSN 2223-7747, PMID 36903930, PMCID PMC10005796, DOI 10.3390/plants12051067, lire en ligne, consulté le )