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Utilisateur:Barbara (WVS)/Mamelon fissuré

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Mamelon fissuré peut se former pendant l'allaitement.[1] Il a plusieurs causes. Un mamelon fissuré peut être douloureux. Le mamelon peut être sec, irrité et même saigner. Une femme qui a un mamelon fissuré et qui allaite son bébé souffre énormément pendant l'allaitement. Cette douleur sévère décourage l'allaitement continu. La fissure peut apparaître comme une coupe à travers la pointe du mamelon et peut s'étendre à la base.[2] Les mamelons fissurés se développent après la naissance du bébé et sont gérés par un traitement pharmacologique et non pharmacologique.[3]

Signes et symptômes

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Les mamelons fissurés sont le plus souvent associés à l'allaitement et apparaissent comme des fissures ou de petites lacérations ou des ruptures dans la peau du mamelon.[1][4] Parfois un ulcère peut se développer.[1] The nipple in a nursing mother is in regular contact with a nursing infant.[5] Cracked nipples are trauma to the nipple and can be quite painful.[6] Cracked nipples typically appear three to seven days after the birth.[4][1]

If the nipples appears to be wedge-shaped, white and flattened, this may indicate that the latch is not good and there is a potential of developing cracked nipples.[7]

Complications

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Bacteria can enter the breast through cracked nipples, which increase the risk of mastitis.[8] Candida infection (thrush) of the nipple can also occur, resulting in deep-pink, cracked, and sore nipples.[9][2]

Contraindications for breastfeeding

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Because cracked nipples can result in the infant being exposed to blood, women with certain blood-borne diseases may be advised to stop breastfeeding if they have a cracked nipple. It has been found safe for breastfeeding mothers with hepatitis B and cracked nipples to breastfeed.[10] In the event that a nursing woman experiences cracked and bleeding nipples or breast inflammation within one to two weeks immediately following an acute Toxoplasmosis infection (when the organism is still circulating in her bloodstream), it is theoretically possible that she could transmit Toxoplasma gondii to the infant through her breast milk. Immune suppressed women could have circulating Toxoplasma for even longer periods of time. However, the likelihood of human milk transmission is very small.[11] Transmission risk of HIV increases if the mother has cracked and bleeding nipples[12][2] An uncommon infection in the mother, Chagas disease, can be transmitted to the nursing infant via cracked nipples.[13] Women with hepatitis C are advised to abstain from breastfeeding if their nipples are cracked or bleeding.[14][15]

Cause

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Some studies indicate that cracked nipples are caused by poor latch.[réf. nécessaire] Yet other causes could be poor positioning, use of a feeding bottle, breast engorgement, inexperience, semi-protruding nipples, use of breast pumps and light pigmentation of the nipples. These causes vary between cultures.[réf. nécessaire] Breast engorgement is also a main factor in altering the ability of the infant to latch-on. Engorgement changes the shape and curvature of the nipple region by making the breast inflexible, flat, hard, and swollen. The nipples on an engorged breast are flat.[1]

When the baby is latched on correctly, the nipple is located against the soft palate in the back of the baby's mouth. When the nipple is near the front of the mouth and being pinched against the hard palate, this will cause pain and development of cracked nipples.[7] One cause of painful, cracked nipples is the incorrect positioning and incorrect latching on to the breast by the infant.[6][4] The baby can create cracked nipples due to the strong sucking pressure, stretching and pulling the nipple, the friction and rubbing of skin to skin.[2][6] The cause of sore, cracked nipples can also be from a yeast or Candida infection in the baby or the mother or both. Thrush can develop after the use of antibiotics.[2] For first-time breastfeeding mothers, it normally takes a few tries before the latch is right, which can make the nipples tender and sore the first few days. If the nipples become cracked or bleed, the latch may need to be corrected. Women are advised to keep on breastfeeding, as it will actually help the nipples heal. A little breast milk or purified lanolin cream or ointment helps the healing process.[6]

If a feeding bottle is used in addition to breastfeeding, cracked nipples may result because the different sucking techniques required for the bottle and the breast vary. Bottle-feeding babies uses his or her tongue to regulate the flow of milk. This same technique will cause friction on the nipple while breastfeeding. This in turn encourages the continued use of the bottle with less time breastfeeding.[1]

Pain caused by cracked nipples can sometimes lead to the cessation of breast-feeding.[1] In addition to cracks, or blisters or ulcers can form.[16]

Prevention

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The nipples of nursing mothers naturally make a lubricant to prevent drying, cracking, or infections.[5] Cracked nipples may be able to be prevented by:

  • Avoid soaps and harsh washing or drying of the breasts and nipples. This can cause dryness and cracking.[17]
  • Rubbing a little breast milk on the nipple after feeding to protect it.[6][17]
  • Keeping the nipples dry to prevent cracking and infection.[18][17]

Roman chamomile can be applied directly to the skin for pain and swelling and is used to treat cracked nipples.[19]

Treatment

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Cracked nipples can be treated with 100% lanolin. Glycerin nipple pads can be chilled and placed over the nipples to help soothe and heal cracked or painful nipples.[18] If the cause of cracked nipples is from thrush, treatment is usually begun with nystatin. If the mother is symptomatic then the mother and the baby can be treated.[2] Continuing to breastfeed will actually help the nipples heal. A little breast milk or purified lanolin cream or ointment helps the healing process.[6] Breastfeeding professionals that include nurses, midwives and lactation consultants are able to assist in the treatment of cracked nipples.[4]

Advice from others is abundant but there have been some treatments that have been identified as not being effective in healing or preventing cracked nipples. These ineffective treatments are keeping the breastfeeding short and using a nipple guard. Keeping the feedings short so that the nipples can rest is not effective in relieving the pain of cracked nipples and it could have a negative effect on the milk supply. Nipple shields do not improve latching on.[7]

Epidemiology

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In a survey in New York city 35% of nursing mothers stopped breastfeeding after one week due to the pain of cracked nipples. Thirty percent stopped breastfeeding between weeks one and three. Another survey of breastfeeding mothers in Brazil reported that there was 25% higher risk of interruption of exclusive breastfeeding when the women had cracked nipples. Mothers with higher education levels are more likely to continue breastfeeding despite the pain of cracked nipples.[1]

Society and culture

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The importance of preventing cracked nipples while breastfeeding has been reported.[17] In an informal survey of breastfeeding in the UK, some mothers reported that they stopped breastfeeding because the cracked nipples made it too painful.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f g et h Kamila Juliana da Silva Santos, Géssica Silva Santana, Tatiana de Oliveira Vieira, Carlos Antônio de Souza Teles Santos, Elsa Regina Justo Giugliani et Graciete Oliveira Vieira, « Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum », BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 16, no 1,‎ (ISSN 1471-2393, DOI 10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4)
  2. ↑ a b c d e et f « Management of breast conditions and other breastfeeding difficulties », National Center for Biotechnology and Information, US National Library of Medicine (consulté le )
  3. ↑ Henry.
  4. ↑ a b c et d « Breastfeeding problems », sur www.nhs.uk, National Health Service (UK) (consulté le )
  5. ↑ a et b Sébastien Doucet, Robert Soussignan, Paul Sagot et Benoist Schaal, « The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery's) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates », PLoS ONE, vol. 4, no 10,‎ , e7579 (PMID 19851461, PMCID 2761488, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0007579)
  6. ↑ a b c d e et f « Common questions about breastfeeding and pain », WomensHealth.gov (consulté le ) Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  7. ↑ a b et c « Sore or cracked nipples when breastfeeding, Pregnancy and baby guide », sur www.nhs.uk, National Health Services (UK) (consulté le )
  8. ↑ (en) Joanne R. Kinlay, Dianne L. O'Connell et Scott Kinlay, « Risk factors for mastitis in breastfeeding women: results of a prospective cohort study », Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 25, no 2,‎ , p. 115–120 (ISSN 1326-0200, DOI 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2001.tb01831.x, lire en ligne)
  9. ↑ « Thrush in newborns: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia », sur medlineplus.gov (consulté le ) Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  10. ↑ « Hepatitis B and C Infections - Breastfeeding - CDC », sur www.cdc.gov (consulté le ) Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  11. ↑ « Toxoplasmosis - Breastfeeding - CDC », sur www.cdc.gov (consulté le ) Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  12. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/globalaids/resources/pmtct-care/docs/pocketguide.doc This link opens a document that opens rather than a web page. Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  13. ↑ CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, « CDC - Chagas Disease - Detailed Fact Sheet », sur www.cdc.gov (consulté le ) Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  14. ↑ « HCV FAQs for Health Professionals - Division of Viral Hepatitis - CDC », sur www.cdc.gov (consulté le ) Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  15. ↑ « Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia », sur medlineplus.gov (consulté le ) Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  16. ↑ (en) Paul Rosen, Rosen's breast pathology, Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (ISBN 978-1-4511-7653-7), p. 41
  17. ↑ a b c et d « World Breastfeeding Week: Supporting mothers to reach the six month mark » (consulté le )
  18. ↑ a et b « Positioning your baby for breastfeeding: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia », sur medlineplus.gov (consulté le ) Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  19. ↑ « Roman chamomile: MedlinePlus Supplements », sur medlineplus.gov (consulté le ) Cet article reprend du texte de cette source, qui est dans le domaine public.
  20. ↑ « 6 Reasons Why You Might Have Stopped Breastfeeding, And That’s Okay », (consulté le )

Bibliography

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|  ICD9            = {{ICD9|611.2}}
|  ICDO            =
|  OMIM            =
|  MedlinePlus     = 000632
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{{Breastfeeding}}
{{Diseases of the breast}}
{{Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium}}
{{Infants and their care}}


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