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[[File:Turtlehuntingpirate.jpg|200px|thumb|right]] |
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[[File:LA2-NSRW-4-0511.jpg|200px|thumb|right]] |
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[[File:Shipping green turtle, Key West, Fla, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views 4.jpg|200px|thumb|right]] |
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[[File:Group of Andaman Men and Women in Costume, Some Wearing Body Paint And with Bows and Arrows, Catching Turtles from Boat on Water.jpg|right|200px|Group of [[Andamanese people]] hunting turtles with bows and arrows.]] |
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'''Turtling''' is the [[hunting]] of [[turtle]]s. |
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Turtling has been a part of human culture since as far back as 5000 B.C., where sea turtles such as the [[Hawksbill sea turtle]] (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') were eaten as delicacies in countries such as [[China]].<ref name="EatingTurtlesChina">{{cite journal | last =Schafer | first =Edward H. | authorlink =Edward H. Schafer | title =Eating Turtles in Ancient China | journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume =82 | issue =1 | pages =73–74 | publisher =American Oriental Society | year =1962 | doi = 10.2307/595986| id = | jstor=595986}}</ref> While consumption and hunting of turtles is less common than it was in the time of our ancestors, this practice is still a part of communities throughout the globe, whether done legally or illegally. |
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==History== |
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Humans have been interacting with turtles for thousands of years. Turtles (and their eggs) have been used for food, medicines, and decoration for centuries. Turtle soup has been a staple in many tropical cultures. The harvesting of turtle eggs for food is another activity that many tropical cultures have relied upon for protein. The use in several Asian cultures of marine turtle eggs as aphrodisiacs has brought high prices for the robbing of the turtle nests on the beaches. Even today, Hawksbill turtles are prized for their shell that makes fine jewelry, eye glasses, and other ornaments, while turtle skin as a whole is used to make shoes, belts, and purses. |
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In Melanesian societies, it was common during funeral ceremonies, or a time referred to as [[Bood]], for locals to partake in a feast of turtle meat and other delicacies. The deceased were sealed into a tomb, and several years later it was tradition to reopen the tomb and to indulge once more on turtle meat. Because turtle meat was relatively rare, hunting the turtle for others during this time was considered to be a display of public generosity. While turtle hunting within this culture is not as common as it was decades ago, locals on Murray Island, Australia, continue to hunt [[green sea turtle]]s (''Chelonia mydas'') during the turtle mating season. The turtles are pursued by groups of 3-6 hunters, where a leader, around one decade older than the other members of the group, uses a harpoon to kill the 100–150 kg turtle.<ref name=Feast>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=E.A.|coauthors=Bird, R.L.B.|title=Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|year=2000|volume=21|issue=4|pages=245–261|doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00031-3|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> |
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Locals in Lowland, Eastern Bolivia consider the turtle species' ''Podocnemis unifillis'' and ''Podocnemis expansa'' to be highly desirable as a food. The locals who live in this area, which is close to [[Noel Kempff Mercado National Park]], have been expressing a concern over the decreasing numbers of turtles. |
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Ecological research shows that turtle numbers decline with proximity to human settlements. This can be explained directly due the hunting of turtles, or also indirectly with the Ecology of Fear principle, [[Predation]].<ref name=Bolivia>{{cite journal|last=Conwey-Gόmez|first=K|title=Effects of human settlements on abundance of "Podocnemis unifilis" and "P. expansa" turtles in Northeastern Bolivia.|journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology|year=2007|volume=6|issue=2|pages=199–255}}</ref> Marine turtle products contribute to the population problems among aquatic turtles. Although most countries outlaw this activity now, and protect their marine turtles, there are ''still'' poachers. |
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== Species at risk== |
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While there are several turtle species at risk, the [[loggerhead sea turtle]] (''Caretta caretta''), which made the IUCU endangered animals list in 2007, and the [[leatherback sea turtle]] (''Dermochelys coriacea'') which has been experiencing a decline in numbers, are both still being hunted or killed due to human impact.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite web|title=IUCN Red List|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> Another turtle species that is being openly hunted while considered endangered is the [[snapping turtle]] (''Chelydra serpentin'').<ref name="Hunting regulation">{{cite web|last=Government of Ontario|title=Small Game Regulations|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/239852.pdf|work=Hunting Regulations|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> |
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== As a byproduct of fishing == |
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Capturing turtles as a byproduct of fishing has been recognized as a severe threat to turtle populations.<ref name="Danger to Turtle">{{cite journal|last=Poiner|first=I.R.|coauthors=Harris, A.N.M.|title=Incidental capture, direct mortality and delayed mortality of sea turtles in Australia's northern prawn fishery.|journal=Marine Biology|year=1996|month=June|volume=125|pages=813–825|doi=10.1007/BF00349264|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> It has been acknowledged that fishing nets are the most devastating of fishing equipment to turtles, whether turtles are hunted intentionally or not.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Magnuson|first=J.J.|coauthors=Magnuson, J.J., Bjorndal, K.A., Dupaul, W.D., Graham, G.L., Owens, D.W., Peterson, P.C.H., Pritchard, J.I., & Richardson, S.G.E|title=Decline of turtles: Causes and prevention|journal=National Research Council|year=1990}}</ref> Other aquatic animals have been known to also unintentionally fall victim to fishing nets such as dolphins and sharks, which in much the same way as turtles become tangled within the net and are hauled aboard with fish. |
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===Australia=== |
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In Australia it is estimated that 326 turtles from 6 different species, including the [[Flatback sea turtle]] (''Narator depressa'') accounting for 59% of captures, and the hawksbill sea turtle accounting for 5%, were captured between 1989 and 1990.<ref name="Danger to Turtle"/> |
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===Africa=== |
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With a coast line of approximately 30 000 km in length, it is evident that Africa relies greatly on the fishing industry to feed the people and also as a trade product between other countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa|url=http://www.history.com/topics/africa|work=Television Networks|publisher=LLC|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> It is estimated that currently in Africa, an average of 180 turtles are caught per year using fishing hooks alone. Capture rate of turtles using a standard fishing hook is approximately 16 in 100 000. 1/16 of the captured turtles are leatherback sea turtles, a species of turtle in which population numbers are declining. Conservation Ecologists have estimated that should fishing efforts increase and fishing distribution remain the same, these numberes will increase to 770 turtles per year, threatening risked species of turtle.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Petersen|first=S.L.|coauthors=Honig, M.B., Ryan, P.G., Nel, R. & Underhill, Lg.G.|title=Turtle bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Africa|journal=African Journal of Marine Science|year=2009|month=April|volume=31|issue=1|pages=87–96|doi=10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.1.8.779|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> |
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== Poaching in and around Mexico == |
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In Mexico sea turtles have been used for medicine, food and decoration since the 13th century. While hunting turtles is strictly forbidden in Mexico, approximately 35 000 turtles have been poached per year within the last decade around Baja California Mer. An estimated 65% of captured turtles are thought to be Green sea turtles, while 10% consist of the endangered Loggerhead sea turtle. The most common way poachers capture turtles is using a net designed specifically for turtles, and costs around 660$. The majority of the poachers are local fisherman, who earn approximately 78$ USD per week. The turtles are sold locally, or reach the international black market where they fetch a profit of 58$ USD per turtle.<ref name="Mancini 2011 743–756">{{cite journal|last=Mancini|first=A|coauthors=Senko, J., Borquez-Reyes, R., Pόo, J.G., Seminoff, J.A., & Koch, V.|title=To poach or not to poach an endangered species: Elucidating the economic and social drivers behind illegal sea turtle hunting in Baja California Sur, Mexico|journal=Hum Ecol|year=2011|volume=39|pages=743–756}}</ref> |
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===Punishment=== |
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The maximum punishment in Mexico for the poaching of turtles is 9 years in jail and a fine of $11,000 USD. Poachers told researchers that the most efficient way of avoiding being caught is to either physically avoid patrols by driving away from them, or by paying a bribe.<ref name="Mancini 2011 743–756"/> |
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== North American regulations on turtle hunting == |
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Both the American and Canadian governments regulate the consumption, hunting and destruction of turtles and their eggs,<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/cvm/turtles.htm FDA ]</ref> |
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In Canada the only specified type of turtle that is allowed to be hunted is the snapping turtle, which is considered to be a concern under the Endangered Species Act in the year of 2007. However, the hunting of turtles is strictly illegal in Provincial Parks of Canada. To hunt Snapping turtles in Canada, individuals must own a valid sport license or a valid conservation fishing license. Turtles are not allowed to be hunted for commercial uses, and individuals transporting turtle carcasses must carry them in a box or by hand. Only 2 turtles are allowed to be hunted per day, and only 4 turtles can be on one person at any given time.<ref name="Hunting regulation"/> |
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Turtle hunting in New York State regulates two species of turtles, the [[Diamondback terrapin]] and the snapping turtle. |
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Snapping turtles are allowed to be hunted only through the months of July 15-September 30. A small game [[hunting license]] is required to hunt the turtle, and it is mandated that the turtle shell must be 12 inches long, or longer in a straight line. Turtles must be killed with a bow or firearm, and there is a limit of 30 turtles per year. Because of risk of food-borne contaminants, health advisories have been implemented with specific cooking instructions for public health.<ref name="US regulation">{{cite web|last=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation|title=Small Game Hunting|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/27801.html|publisher=New York State|accessdate=March 23, 2012}}</ref> |
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Similarly to regulation of snapping turtles, diamondback terrapin turtles are only allowed to be hunted during specific months of the year. The hunting season for Diamondback Terrapin turtles is August 1 - April 30. In order to hunt diamondback terrapin turtles, individuals must possess a hunting license specific to the species of turtle called the Diamondback terrapin license. Shells of the turtle must be between 4 to 7 inches long, and must be released if the shell size is any different. Diamondback Terrapin turtles must be captured by dip nets, seine nets, by hand or with a trap that must be checked on a daily basis.<ref name="US regulation"/> |
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==See also== |
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{{Commonscat|Turtle hunting|Turtle hunting}} |
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{{Portal|Turtles}} |
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* [[Animal welfare]] |
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* [[Dolphin safe label]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Turtles in human activities}} |
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[[Category:Hunting by game]] |
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[[Category:Turtles]] |
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Version du 20 janvier 2014 à 01:26
Turtling is the hunting of turtles.
Turtling has been a part of human culture since as far back as 5000 B.C., where sea turtles such as the Hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) were eaten as delicacies in countries such as China.[1] While consumption and hunting of turtles is less common than it was in the time of our ancestors, this practice is still a part of communities throughout the globe, whether done legally or illegally.
History
Humans have been interacting with turtles for thousands of years. Turtles (and their eggs) have been used for food, medicines, and decoration for centuries. Turtle soup has been a staple in many tropical cultures. The harvesting of turtle eggs for food is another activity that many tropical cultures have relied upon for protein. The use in several Asian cultures of marine turtle eggs as aphrodisiacs has brought high prices for the robbing of the turtle nests on the beaches. Even today, Hawksbill turtles are prized for their shell that makes fine jewelry, eye glasses, and other ornaments, while turtle skin as a whole is used to make shoes, belts, and purses.
In Melanesian societies, it was common during funeral ceremonies, or a time referred to as Bood, for locals to partake in a feast of turtle meat and other delicacies. The deceased were sealed into a tomb, and several years later it was tradition to reopen the tomb and to indulge once more on turtle meat. Because turtle meat was relatively rare, hunting the turtle for others during this time was considered to be a display of public generosity. While turtle hunting within this culture is not as common as it was decades ago, locals on Murray Island, Australia, continue to hunt green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) during the turtle mating season. The turtles are pursued by groups of 3-6 hunters, where a leader, around one decade older than the other members of the group, uses a harpoon to kill the 100–150 kg turtle.[2]
Locals in Lowland, Eastern Bolivia consider the turtle species' Podocnemis unifillis and Podocnemis expansa to be highly desirable as a food. The locals who live in this area, which is close to Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, have been expressing a concern over the decreasing numbers of turtles.
Ecological research shows that turtle numbers decline with proximity to human settlements. This can be explained directly due the hunting of turtles, or also indirectly with the Ecology of Fear principle, Predation.[3] Marine turtle products contribute to the population problems among aquatic turtles. Although most countries outlaw this activity now, and protect their marine turtles, there are still poachers.
Species at risk
While there are several turtle species at risk, the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), which made the IUCU endangered animals list in 2007, and the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) which has been experiencing a decline in numbers, are both still being hunted or killed due to human impact.[4] Another turtle species that is being openly hunted while considered endangered is the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentin).[5]
As a byproduct of fishing
Capturing turtles as a byproduct of fishing has been recognized as a severe threat to turtle populations.[6] It has been acknowledged that fishing nets are the most devastating of fishing equipment to turtles, whether turtles are hunted intentionally or not.[7] Other aquatic animals have been known to also unintentionally fall victim to fishing nets such as dolphins and sharks, which in much the same way as turtles become tangled within the net and are hauled aboard with fish.
Australia
In Australia it is estimated that 326 turtles from 6 different species, including the Flatback sea turtle (Narator depressa) accounting for 59% of captures, and the hawksbill sea turtle accounting for 5%, were captured between 1989 and 1990.[6]
Africa
With a coast line of approximately 30 000 km in length, it is evident that Africa relies greatly on the fishing industry to feed the people and also as a trade product between other countries.[8] It is estimated that currently in Africa, an average of 180 turtles are caught per year using fishing hooks alone. Capture rate of turtles using a standard fishing hook is approximately 16 in 100 000. 1/16 of the captured turtles are leatherback sea turtles, a species of turtle in which population numbers are declining. Conservation Ecologists have estimated that should fishing efforts increase and fishing distribution remain the same, these numberes will increase to 770 turtles per year, threatening risked species of turtle.[9]
Poaching in and around Mexico
In Mexico sea turtles have been used for medicine, food and decoration since the 13th century. While hunting turtles is strictly forbidden in Mexico, approximately 35 000 turtles have been poached per year within the last decade around Baja California Mer. An estimated 65% of captured turtles are thought to be Green sea turtles, while 10% consist of the endangered Loggerhead sea turtle. The most common way poachers capture turtles is using a net designed specifically for turtles, and costs around 660$. The majority of the poachers are local fisherman, who earn approximately 78$ USD per week. The turtles are sold locally, or reach the international black market where they fetch a profit of 58$ USD per turtle.[10]
Punishment
The maximum punishment in Mexico for the poaching of turtles is 9 years in jail and a fine of $11,000 USD. Poachers told researchers that the most efficient way of avoiding being caught is to either physically avoid patrols by driving away from them, or by paying a bribe.[10]
North American regulations on turtle hunting
Both the American and Canadian governments regulate the consumption, hunting and destruction of turtles and their eggs,[11]
In Canada the only specified type of turtle that is allowed to be hunted is the snapping turtle, which is considered to be a concern under the Endangered Species Act in the year of 2007. However, the hunting of turtles is strictly illegal in Provincial Parks of Canada. To hunt Snapping turtles in Canada, individuals must own a valid sport license or a valid conservation fishing license. Turtles are not allowed to be hunted for commercial uses, and individuals transporting turtle carcasses must carry them in a box or by hand. Only 2 turtles are allowed to be hunted per day, and only 4 turtles can be on one person at any given time.[5]
Turtle hunting in New York State regulates two species of turtles, the Diamondback terrapin and the snapping turtle.
Snapping turtles are allowed to be hunted only through the months of July 15-September 30. A small game hunting license is required to hunt the turtle, and it is mandated that the turtle shell must be 12 inches long, or longer in a straight line. Turtles must be killed with a bow or firearm, and there is a limit of 30 turtles per year. Because of risk of food-borne contaminants, health advisories have been implemented with specific cooking instructions for public health.[12]
Similarly to regulation of snapping turtles, diamondback terrapin turtles are only allowed to be hunted during specific months of the year. The hunting season for Diamondback Terrapin turtles is August 1 - April 30. In order to hunt diamondback terrapin turtles, individuals must possess a hunting license specific to the species of turtle called the Diamondback terrapin license. Shells of the turtle must be between 4 to 7 inches long, and must be released if the shell size is any different. Diamondback Terrapin turtles must be captured by dip nets, seine nets, by hand or with a trap that must be checked on a daily basis.[12]
See also
References
- Edward H. Schafer, « Eating Turtles in Ancient China », Journal of the American Oriental Society, American Oriental Society, vol. 82, no 1, , p. 73–74 (DOI 10.2307/595986, JSTOR 595986)
- E.A. Smith, « Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling », Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 21, no 4, , p. 245–261 (DOI 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00031-3)
- K Conwey-Gόmez, « Effects of human settlements on abundance of "Podocnemis unifilis" and "P. expansa" turtles in Northeastern Bolivia. », Chelonian Conservation and Biology, vol. 6, no 2, , p. 199–255
- « IUCN Red List » (consulté le )
- Government of Ontario, « Small Game Regulations », Hunting Regulations (consulté le )
- I.R. Poiner, « Incidental capture, direct mortality and delayed mortality of sea turtles in Australia's northern prawn fishery. », Marine Biology, vol. 125, , p. 813–825 (DOI 10.1007/BF00349264)
- J.J. Magnuson, « Decline of turtles: Causes and prevention », National Research Council,
- « Africa », Television Networks, LLC (consulté le )
- S.L. Petersen, « Turtle bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Africa », African Journal of Marine Science, vol. 31, no 1, , p. 87–96 (DOI 10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.1.8.779)
- A Mancini, « To poach or not to poach an endangered species: Elucidating the economic and social drivers behind illegal sea turtle hunting in Baja California Sur, Mexico », Hum Ecol, vol. 39, , p. 743–756
- FDA
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, « Small Game Hunting », New York State (consulté le )