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Biographie
[modifier | modifier le code]Jeunesse
[modifier | modifier le code]Georges Goring est le fils ainé de George Goring, premier comte de Norwich. Né le 14 juillet 1608, il se fait remarquer à la cour par son extravagance et sa dissidence.[citation nécessaire]
Avant la première guerre civile anglaise
[modifier | modifier le code]Son beau-père Richard Boyle alors Comte de Corck lui obtient un poste dans l'armée en tant que Colonel dans l'armée des Provinces-Unis qui alors se bat contre le Royaume d'Espagne pour leurs indépendance . Durant le Siège de Breda en 1637, une balle de mousquet le blesse à la cheville le rendant boiteux[1]. Deux ans plus tard, il rentre en Angleterre deux ans après où il est fait Gouverneur de Portsmouth.[2]
Il participe à la Guerre des Évèques mais c'est durant le premier complot militaire qu'il se fait remarquer lorsqu'il soutient que l'armée anglaise doit faire marche vers le sud afin d'intimider le Parlement.
He served in the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops'_Wars Bishops' Wars], and already had a considerable reputation when he was involved in the "[./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Army_Plot Army Plot]" (1641). Officers of the army stationed at [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York York]proposed to petition the king and parliament for the maintenance of the royal [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority authority]. A second party was in favour of more violent measures, and Goring, in the hope of being appointed lieutenant-general, proposed to march the army on London and overawe the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England Parliament]during [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_Earl_of_Strafford Strafford]'s trial (1641). This proposition being rejected by his fellow-officers, he betrayed the proceedings to [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountjoy_Blount,_1st_Earl_of_Newport Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport], who passed on the information indirectly to [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym John Pym]in April.[3]
Lieutenant-général de cavalerie
[modifier | modifier le code]Colonel Goring was there upon called on to give evidence before the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons Commons], who commended him for his services to the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England Commonwealth]. This betrayal of his comrades induced confidence in the minds of the parliamentary leaders, who sent him back to his Portsmouth command. Nevertheless he declared for the king in August. He surrendered Portsmouth to the parliament in September 1642 after the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Portsmouth Siege of Portsmouth]and went to the Netherlands to recruit for the Royalist army, returning to England in December. Appointed to a cavalry command by the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Duke_of_Newcastle Earl of Newcastle], he defeated [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax,_3rd_Baron_Fairfax_of_Cameron Fairfax]at [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seacroft_Moor Seacroft Moor]near [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds Leeds]in March 1643, but in May he was taken prisoner at [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield Wakefield]on the capture of the town by Fairfax. In April 1644 he effected an exchange.[3]
At the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor Battle of Marston Moor], Goring commanded the Royalist left, and charged with great success, but, allowing his troopers to disperse in search of plunder, was routed by [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell Oliver Cromwell]at the close of the battle. In November 1644, on his father's elevation to the earldom of Norwich, he became Lord Goring. The parliamentary authorities, however, refused to recognise the creation of the earldom, and continued to speak of the father as "Lord Goring" and the son as "General Goring".[3]
In August Goring had been despatched by [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine Prince Rupert of the Rhine], who recognised his ability, to join [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England Charles I]in the south, and in spite of his dissolute and insubordinate character he was appointed to supersede [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilmot,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester Henry, Lord Wilmot], as lieutenant-general of the Royalist horse. He secured some successes in the west, and in January 1645 advanced through [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire Hampshire]and occupied [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham,_Surrey Farnham]; but want of money compelled him to retreat to [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_England Salisbury]and thence to [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_England Exeter]. The excesses committed by his troops seriously injured the Royalist cause, and his exactions made his name hated throughout the west.[3]
He had himself prepared to besiege [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton Taunton]in March 1645, yet when in the next month he was desired by Prince [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England Charles], who was at [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol Bristol], to send reinforcements to [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Grenville,_1st_Baronet Sir Richard Grenville]for the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Taunton siege of Taunton], he obeyed the order only with ill-humour. Later in April 1645 he was summoned with his troops to the relief of the king at [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford Oxford].[3]
Lord Goring had long been intriguing for an independent command, and he now secured from the king what was practically supreme authority in the west. It was alleged by the Earl of Newport that he was willing to transfer his allegiance once more to the parliament. It is not likely that he meditated open [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason treason], but he was culpably negligent and occupied with private ambitions and jealousies. He was still engaged in desultory operations against Taunton when the main campaign of 1645 opened.[3]
For the part taken by Goring's army in the operations of the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby Naseby]campaign see [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_English_Civil_War#Naseby_Campaign First English Civil War: Naseby Campaign]. After the decisive defeat of the king, the army of Fairfax marched into the west and defeated Goring in a disastrous fight at [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Langport Langport]on 10 July 1645. He made no further serious resistance to the parliamentary general, but wasted his time in frivolous amusements.[3]
Exil
[modifier | modifier le code]En novembre 1645, il obtient l'autorisation de quitter ses forces désorganisées afin de se retirer en France . Les services rendus par son père lui permettent d'obtenir le commandement de régiment anglais au service du Royaume d'Espagne. C'est dans la capitale, Madrid, qu'il s'éteindra chez les jésuites durant l'Été 1657, après s'être converti au catholicisme.[3]
Caractère
[modifier | modifier le code][./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon Clarendon]says of Goring that he "would, without hesitation, have broken any trust, or done any act of treachery to have satisfied an ordinary passion or appetite; and in truth wanted nothing but industry (for he had wit, and courage, and understanding and ambition, uncontrolled by any fear of God or man) to have been as eminent and successful in the highest attempt of wickedness as any man in the age he lived in or before. Of all his qualifications dissimulation was his masterpiece; in which he so much excelled, that men were not ordinarily ashamed, or out of countenance, with being deceived but twice by him".[4]Clarendon's assessment according to Florene Memegalos is untrustworthy as he appears to have blackened his name at court for personal reasons. Florene Memegalos also asserts from archive material in the Venice State records and other sources, that George Goring's reputation stood mainly on his military abilities as a Royalist general and not just on Clarendon's all too obvious character assassination of him.[5]
Vie de famille
[modifier | modifier le code]Goring was married to [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettice_Boyle Lettice Boyle], daughter of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork.
Notes et Références
[modifier | modifier le code]- « Biography of George, Lord Goring », sur bcw-project.org (consulté le )
- Chisholm 1911, p. 258–259.
- Chisholm 1911, p. 259.
- Chisholm 1911, p. 259.
- Memegalos.