Description

DescriptionBergman first role.jpg	English: Photo in first film Munkbrogreven (The Count of Monk's Bridge) 1934.
Date	1934
Source	Book: Notorious, by Donald Spoto, 1997
Auteur	Studio publicity still with unlisted photographer
Autorisation (Réutilisation de ce fichier)	Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse This Swedish photograph is in the public domain in Sweden because one of the following applies: The photograph does not reach the Swedish threshold of originality (common for snapshots and journalistic photos) and was created before 1 January 1974 (SFS 1960:729, § 49a). The photograph was published anonymously before 1 January 1954 and the author did not reveal their identity during the following 70 years (SFS 1960:729, § 44). For photos in the first category created before 1969, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies. For photos in the second category published before 1929, also {{PD-US-expired}} usually applies. If the photographer died before 1954, {{PD-old-70}} should be used instead of this tag. If the author died before 1926, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies. Vous devez aussi inclure un modèle indiquant pourquoi cette œuvre est dans le domaine public aux États-Unis. Veuillez aussi noter que certains pays ont des droits d'auteurs qui courent plus de 70 ans après la mort : 75 ans pour les Samoa et le Guatemala, 80 ans pour la Colombie, 95 ans pour la Jamaïque, 100 ans pour le Mexique. Cette image peut ne pas être dans le domaine public dans ces pays, qui d'ailleurs n'appliquent pas la règle du terme le plus court.

Conditions d’utilisation

This Swedish photograph is in the public domain in Sweden because one of the following applies: The photograph does not reach the Swedish threshold of originality (common for snapshots and journalistic photos) and was created before 1 January 1974 (SFS 1960:729, § 49a). The photograph was published anonymously before 1 January 1954 and the author did not reveal their identity during the following 70 years (SFS 1960:729, § 44). For photos in the first category created before 1969, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies. For photos in the second category published before 1929, also {{PD-US-expired}} usually applies. If the photographer died before 1954, {{PD-old-70}} should be used instead of this tag. If the author died before 1926, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies. Vous devez aussi inclure un modèle indiquant pourquoi cette œuvre est dans le domaine public aux États-Unis. Veuillez aussi noter que certains pays ont des droits d'auteurs qui courent plus de 70 ans après la mort : 75 ans pour les Samoa et le Guatemala, 80 ans pour la Colombie, 95 ans pour la Jamaïque, 100 ans pour le Mexique. Cette image peut ne pas être dans le domaine public dans ces pays, qui d'ailleurs n'appliquent pas la règle du terme le plus court.

Additional source information: This is a publicity photo taken to promote a film actor. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):

"Publicity photos have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."

Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:

"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." (The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook By Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)

Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989) p. 87, writes:

"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."

Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies copie d'archive at the Wayback Machine writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements. . . [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."[1] copie d'archive at the Wayback Machine

Journal des téléversements d’origine

Transféré de en.wikipedia à Commons par El Matador.

• 2009-10-28 22:25 Wikiwatcher1 538×635× (47090 bytes) {{Information |Article = Ingrid Bergman |Description = Photo in first film ''Munkbrogreven'' (The Count of Monk's Bridge) 1934 |Source = Book: ''Notorious'', by Donald Spoto, 1997 |Portion = image |Low_resolution