Utilisateur:Jean de Parthenay/Brouillon SBonnet

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Sylvie Bonnet, professeur de mathématiques au lycée Victor-Hugo de Besançon, est la présidente de l'Union des professeurs de spéciales (UPS). Elle est la première femme élue à ce poste depuis la création de l’association, créée en 1927, qui compte environ 2 700 professeurs en classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles scientifiques.

Avant d'être élue présidente de l'UPS, Sylvie Bonnet a notamment participé à la création de classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles au Maroc.

Bac à sable[modifier | modifier le code]

Otto Frederick Warmbier (12 Décembre 1994 – 19 Juine 2017) est un étudiant americain emprisonné en Corée du Nord de Mars 2016 à Juin 2017 après avoir été accusé d'actes hostilles contre le pays. Warmbier avoua avoir volé une affiche de propagande politique et fut condamné à 15 ans de travaux forcés.

Entré dans un coma profond, Warmbier fut libéré en Juin 2017. D'après les autorités nord coréennes, son coma était le résultat de botulisme et de médicaments. Pris en charge par l'Université de Cincinnati dès le 13 Juin, en vue d'évaluation et fins de traitement, il lui fut diagnostiqué de sévères blessures neurologiques. Son père pense qu'il a été terrorisé et brutalisé.

Warmbier est mort le 19 juin 2017, six jours après son retour aux états unis.

Early life[modifier | modifier le code]

Otto Warmbier was born and raised in Cincinnati, Ohio,[1] and graduated from Wyoming High School in 2013. At the time of his trip to North Korea, he was a junior at the University of Virginia, where he was studying for a double major degree in commerce and economics and did an exchange at the London School of Economics.[2] Otto was a brother of the Theta Chi fraternity.[3][4][5] He was active in the Hillel Jewish campus organization, and participated in Birthright Israel.[6][7][8] He left behind his parents, Cindy and Fred, and two younger siblings[9].

Trip to North Korea[modifier | modifier le code]

The Yanggakdo International Hotel in Pyongyang, where the alleged theft took place

Fred Warmbier stated that his son Otto was traveling in China at the end of 2015 when he saw a company offering trips to North Korea. He decided to go because he was adventurous, according to his father, who accused the tour operator of specifically targeting young Westerners with slogans like, "This is the trip your parents don't want you to take!" Fred Warmbier said the China-based tour operator, Young Pioneer Tours, advertised the trip as safe for U.S. citizens[10].

Warmbier traveled to North Korea for a five-day New Year's tour of the country organized by Young Pioneer Tours. Ten other U.S. citizens were in his tour group.[11][12][13][14][15] During his stay at the Yanggakdo International Hotel in Pyongyang, Warmbier allegedly stole a propaganda sign from a staff-only floor of the hotel.[16] The poster said, "Let's arm ourselves strongly with Kim Jong-il's patriotism!". Harming such items with the name or image of a North Korean leader is considered a serious crime by the government[17].

According to Warmbier's parents, the story about the poster was fabricated by authorities in order to detain him, and he was abducted at the airport when he was trying to leave the country.[10] A video purporting to show the theft was released by state-run Korean Central News Agency on March 18, 2016. In the 18-second low-resolution video, an unrecognizable figure removes the sign from the wall and places it on the floor, leaning it against the wall. This action is shown twice, followed by a higher-resolution picture of the sign on the wall. The face of the person removing the poster is not seen during the video clip.[18][19]

Arrest and conviction[modifier | modifier le code]

On January 2, 2016, Warmbier was arrested for theft just prior to departing North Korea from Pyongyang International Airport.[4] The other guests in his tour group all left the country without incident. His crime was described as "a hostile act against the state" by the North Korean news agency KCNA.[14]

In a news conference on February 29, 2016, Warmbier confessed to stealing a piece of North Korean propaganda to take back to the United States. He said he stole the banner for the mother of a friend who wanted it as a souvenir to be hung on the wall of a church in his hometown of Wyoming, Ohio. He was offered a used car worth $10,000 as payment or if he was detained and didn't return, $200,000 would be paid to his mother in the form of a charitable donation. Warmbier said he accepted the offer because his family was "suffering from very severe financial difficulties."[20] He also said he was encouraged in his act by his desire to join the Z Society, a "semi-secret ring society" and philanthropic organization at the University of Virginia[16].

Warmbier's confession was as follows:

« I never, never should have allowed myself to be lured by the United States administration to commit a crime in this country, I wish that the United States administration never manipulate people like myself in the future to commit crimes against foreign countries. I entirely beg you, the people and government of the DPRK, for your forgiveness. Please! I made the worst mistake of my life![21] »

However, Warmbier's father later said the confession was coerced and that the story about the used car and church in Wyoming was nonsensical[10].

On March 16, 2016, two hours after U.S. envoy Bill Richardson met with two North Korean diplomats from the United Nations office to press for Warmbier's release;[22] Warmbier was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor[11],[23].

Other countriesModèle:Who and organizations have condemned Warmbier's sentence. Human Rights Watch called the sentencing "outrageous and shocking."[24] U.S. State Department spokesman Mark Toner said, "Despite official claims that U.S. citizens arrested in the DPRK are not used for political purposes, it's increasingly clear from its very public treatment of these cases that the DPRK does exactly that."[25]

In May 2017, Warmbier's father said he and his wife wanted their son to be part of any negotiations between the United States and North Korea[26].

Release[modifier | modifier le code]

On June 12, 2017, Rex Tillerson, the United States Secretary of State, announced that North Korea had released Warmbier. Tillerson also announced that the U.S. State Department secured Warmbier's release at the direction of President Donald Trump. Tillerson said that the State Department continues discussing three other detained Americans with North Korea.[27] Warmbier's parents told Washington Post that Warmbier was medically evacuated, saying they were told by North Korean officials that Warmbier contracted botulism sometime after his trial and fell into a coma after being given a sleeping pill. They learned he was in a coma only one week before his release.[28] Richardson was in contact with the family and said Warmbier urgently needs medical attention[29].

After 17 months away, Warmbier was flown from New Chitose Airport to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport and then to Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport where he arrived shortly before 10:20 p.m local time on June 13, 2017, and was rushed to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center, where doctors tried to determine what caused his coma and if there were signs of recoverable brain function.[30][31] Prior to his arrival, a doctor with the Cincinnati Health Department discussed Warmbier's case and expressed skepticism over the claim that botulism or a sleeping pill caused the coma.[32] Otto's father Fred believes that North Korea intentionally "terrorized and brutalized" his son[33].

His father reported that he had received a call from President Trump at his home asking about the welfare of his son and the family. He expressed that he had a kind and nice conversation. He also reported that Secretary Rex Tillerson and U.S. special representative Joseph Y. Yun had made the transition possible[34],[35].

Medical condition and death[modifier | modifier le code]

On June 15, 2017, physicians at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center stated that Warmbier had suffered extensive brain damage, which is consistent with a cardiopulmonary event rather than a head injury, and there was no sign of physical abuse.[36][37] Warmbier's father held a press conference that day, but declined to answer a reporter's question as to whether or not the neurological injury was caused by an assault, saying he would let the doctors make that determination. He stated that they did not believe anything the North Koreans had told them[10].

Neurologist Daniel Kanter, director of the neurocritical care program at University of Cincinnati Medical Center, said in a press conference on June 15 that the 22-year-old Warmbier was in "a state of unresponsive wakefulness"—a condition commonly known as persistent vegetative state. He was able to breathe on his own, and blink his eyes, but otherwise did not respond to his environment. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed he had suffered extensive loss of brain tissue throughout his brain[38].

Kanter stated that Warmbier's brain injury was typical of a cardiac arrest that caused the brain to be denied oxygen. Doctors also said that they did not find any evidence of physical abuse or torture; scans of Warmbier's neck and head were normal outside of the brain injury.[38] Doctors said they did not know what caused the cardiac arrest, but that it could have been triggered by a respiratory arrest[39].

Brandon Foreman, a neurointensive care specialist at the hospital, confirmed that there was no sign of a current or past case of botulism, which can cause paralysis but not a coma[38],[39].

Some medical records from North Korea were sent back with Warmbier, revealing he had been in this state since April 2016, one month after his conviction. Fred Warmbier expressed anger at the North Koreans for his son's condition, saying, "There is no excuse for any civilized nation to have kept his condition secret, and denied him top-notch medical care for so long."[38]

Warmbier died on June 19, 2017 at the hospital.[40] His family issued a statement expressing their sadness, thanking the hospital staff, and condemning North Korea for their actions[41].

See also[modifier | modifier le code]

References[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ (en) Steve Dawson, « What Happened to Otto Warmbier- News & Updates - The Gazette Review », The Gazette Review,‎ (lire en ligne)
  2. ↑ « Otto Warmbier: How did North Korea holiday end in jail, and a coma? », (consulté le )
  3. ↑ (en) Kyler Sumter, « University of Virginia community welcomes Otto Warmbier's release from North Korea », USA Today,‎ (lire en ligne)
  4. ↑ a et b Charlie Campbell, « The Detention of a U.S. Student in North Korea Underscores the Risks of Traveling There », sur Time (consulté le )
  5. ↑ « Wyoming grad arrested in North Korea for 'hostile act' », The Cincinnati Enquirer, (consulté le )
  6. ↑ « Otto Warmbier, American student released from North Korea, was active in Hillel » (consulté le )
  7. ↑ « American student released from North Korea was active in Hillel », sur Israel National News (consulté le )
  8. ↑ « Otto Warmbier, American student released from North Korea, was active in Hillel »
  9. ↑ « Worried about North Korea? Spare a thought for Otto Warmbier's family. », sur Washington Post (consulté le )
  10. ↑ a b c et d (en) « Otto Warmbier's family holds news conference », YouTube,‎ (lire en ligne)
  11. ↑ a et b « North Korea Says It's Holding U.S. Student for 'Hostile Act' », The New York Times, (consulté le ) : « Young Pioneer Tours, a China-based company that operates tours to North Korea, said in a statement that one of its clients, identified as "Otto," was being detained in the North Korean capital, Pyongyang. »
  12. ↑ Rowan Beard, « Otto Warmbier – Jail Sentence Statement » (consulté le )
  13. ↑ « North Korea arrests US student for 'hostile act' », sur BBC (consulté le )
  14. ↑ a et b James Pearson, « U.S. student detained in North Korea 'over hotel incident' », (consulté le )
  15. ↑ Nick Anderson, « Tour group to N. Korea takes people places 'your mother would rather you stayed away from' », Washington Post, (consulté le )
  16. ↑ a et b (en) « North Korea puts tearful detained American before cameras », Los Angeles Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  17. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe, « U.S. Student Runs Afoul of North Korea's Devotion to Slogans », (consulté le )
  18. ↑ (en) « N. Korea: Video shows Wyoming grad remove sign », Cincinnati.com, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  19. ↑ « The video that North Korea says proves US student tried to steal banner », sur independent.co.uk, (consulté le )
  20. ↑ Matthew Lee, « North Korea Releases Jailed Student Otto Warmbier », sur Time (consulté le )
  21. ↑ (en) Tiffany Ap, « North Korea sentences U.S. student Otto Warmbier to 15 years hard labor », CNN, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  22. ↑ (en) « N Korea sentences US student to 15 years hard labour », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant, paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  23. ↑ (en) « North Korea sentences U-Va. student to 15 years of hard labor in prison », Washington Post, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  24. ↑ (en) « US student Otto Warmbier given hard labour in North Korea », BBC News, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  25. ↑ (en) « North Korea sentences Virginia student to 15 years hard labor », Chicago Tribune news services,‎ (lire en ligne)
  26. ↑ "Parents of Otto Warmbier, US citizen detained in North Korea, want son to be part of negotiations". Fox News. May 1, 2017.
  27. ↑ (en) « US university student medically evacuated in a coma as Dennis Rodman arrives in North Korea », Associated Press,‎ (lire en ligne)
  28. ↑ (en) Anna Fifield, « University of Virginia student Otto Warmbier, said to be in a coma, released from North Korea », Washington Post,‎ (lire en ligne)
  29. ↑ (en) JULIE HIRSCHFELD DAVIS, RUSSELL GOLDMAN and ADAM GOLDMAN, « Otto Warmbier, Detained American, Is Evacuated From North Korea in a Coma », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant,‎ (lire en ligne)
  30. ↑ « US college student released by North Korea arrives in Ohio », ABC News,
  31. ↑ (en) Will Ripley, « Comatose Otto Warmbier lands in US after release by North Korea », CNN,‎ (lire en ligne)
  32. ↑ (en) « Cincinnati doctor questions cause of Otto Warmbier/s coma », WLWT,‎ (lire en ligne)
  33. ↑ (en) AP, News Corp Australia Netwok, « Ex-N Korea detainee Otto Warmbier has severe brain damage, doctors say », news.com.au,‎ (lire en ligne)
  34. ↑ « Otto Warmbier's Father Says He's Proud of His Son, Praises Trump's Efforts », sur The Atlantic, KRISHNADEV CALAMUR (consulté le )
  35. ↑ « Otto Warmbier's father praises President Trump for bringing his son home from North Korea », sur The Week, Peter Weber (consulté le )
  36. ↑ « Otto Warmbier: How did North Korea holiday end in jail, and a coma? », BBC News,
  37. ↑ (en) Joshua Berlinger, « Ex-North Korea detainee Otto Warmbier has 'severe neurological injury' », CNN,‎ (lire en ligne)
  38. ↑ a b c et d (en) Maggie Fox, « Otto Warmbier has bad brain damage, his doctors say », NBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  39. ↑ a et b (en) Susan Svrluga, « Otto Warmbier has extensive loss of brain tissue, no obvious signs of trauma, doctors say », Washington Post,‎ (lire en ligne)
  40. ↑ (en) Susan Svrluga, « Otto Warmbier dies days after release from North Korean detainment », Washington Post,‎ (lire en ligne)
  41. ↑ (en) Susan Svrluga, « Otto Warmbier dies days after release from North Korean detainment », Washington Post,‎ (lire en ligne)

Références[modifier | modifier le code]

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