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Minehead est une ville côtière et une paroisse située dans le Somerset, en Angleterre. La ville se trouve sur la rive sud du Canal de Bristol, au nrd-ouest de la ville de Taunton, à la frontière du comté du Devon et à proximité du Parc Naturel d’Exmoor. La paroisse de Minehead comprend une population de 10,330 âmes, ce qui represente la ville la plus peuplée du district du West Somerset.

La colline et la plage de Minehead

Il y a des preuves d’occupation humaine dans cette zone qui remontent à l’Âge de Bronze et à l’Âge de Fer. Avant la conquête normande, le pays était tenu par Ælfgar puis par Guillaume de Moyon et ses descendants. Ceux-ci administrèrent la zone du château de Dunster, qui fut vendu à Sir George Luttrell et à sa famille. Il y eut un petit port à Minehead à partir de 1380 qui se développa en un centre de commerce majeur pendant la periode mediévale. La plus grande partie du commerce fut transferré dans des ports plus large au 20ème siècle mais les bateaux à vapeur de plaisance y faisaient escale. Une reconstruction majeure eut lieu dans les zones basses et moyennes de la ville à la suite d’un incendie en 1791. Les fortunes de la ville furent renouvellées avec l’attrait pour les bains de mer. En 1851, la ville devint aussi un lieu de retraite. Il y eut une augmentation marquée de la construction durant les premières années du 20ème siècle qui eut pour resultat une avenue principale et des routes adjacentes faites dans le style architectural edwardien. Les défenses anti-inondations de la ville furent renforcées après une tempête en 1990.

Minehead est gouverné par un conseil municipal, qui fut cree en 1983 et qui fait partie du gouvernement local du district du West Somerset depuis 1974. En plus de l’église paroissiale de St. Michael sur la colline de Minehead se trouve l’église paroissiale de St-Michel Archange situee dans Church Street, Alcombe. Depuis 1991, Minehead a été jumelée avec Saint-Berthevin, une petite ville située a proximité du centre régional de Laval dans la Mayenne, en France. Blenheim Gardens, le parc le plus large de Minehead, fut ouvert en 1925. La ville accueille aussi Butlins Holiday Park qui augmente le nombre de touristes estivaux de plusieurs milliers.

On y trouve une grande variete d’écoles et de structures religieuses, culturelles et sportives. On peut y pratiquer la navigation, le wind surfing et le golf. Une ancienne tradition populaire locale fait defiler des Hobby Horse, ou Obby Oss, pendant quatre jours la veille du premier mai, chaque annee, des musiciens les accompagnent. La ville est le point de depart du South West Coast Path, la piste de marche la plus longue du pays. Le chemin de fer de Minehead fut ouvert en 1874 et fut ferme en 1971. La ligne a été depuis reouverte en tant que West Somerset Railway.

Histoire[modifier | modifier le code]

Le nom original de la ville était « Mynedd », ce qui veut dire montagne en Welsh[1]. La ville fut aussi designee sous le nom de Mynheafdon (1046), de Maneheve (1086), de Menehewed (1225) et de Menedun (aussi en 1225), qui contient des elements de Welsh et de Vieil Anglais designant colline.[2]

Des brouettes de l’Âge de Bronze trouvees à Selworthy et une enceinte de l’Âge de Fer trouvee à Furzebury Brake, à l’ouest de la ville, sont des preuves d’une occupation humaine prehistorique de la zone, bien que des restes d`une forêt submergée existent encore.[2]

Minehead est mentionné dans le Domesday Book en 1086 en tant que manoir appartenant a Guillaume de Moyon,[3] bien qu’il fut d’abord tenu par Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia.[4] Guillaume de Mohun et ses descendants administrèrent la zone depuis le château de Dunster, qui fut plus tard vendu à Sir George Luttrell et à sa famille.[2]

Il y avait un petit port à Minehead en 1380 mais il fallut attendre 1420 pour l’argent donné par DameMargaret Luttrell permit des améliorations, notamment la construction d’une jetée. Pendant le règne d’Élisabeth Ire d’Angleterre, la ville avait son propre officier du port, position similaire à celle de Bristol.[4] Au 15ème siècle, des vaisseaux, dont la Trinité, faisaient commerce entre Bristol et l’Irlande, d’autres convoyaient du sel et d’autres marchandises depuis La Rochelle en France. D’autres produits comme la laine et le tissu étaient échangés contre du charbon venant du sud du Pays de Galles. En 1559 une Charte de Constitution, établissant un borough libre et une représentation parlementaire,

but was made conditional on improvements being made to the port. The harbour silted up and fell into disrepair so that in 1604 James I withdrew the town's charter. Control reverted to the Luttrells and a new harbour was built, at a cost of £5,000, further out to sea than the original, which had been at the mouth of the Bratton Stream. It incorporated a pier, dating from 1616, and was built to replace that at Dunster which was silting up.[2] Trade was primarily with Wales for cattle, sheep, wool, butter, fish and coal. These are commemorated in the town arms which include a woolpack and sailing ship.[1] Privateers based at Minehead were involved in the war with Spain and France during 1625–1630 and again during the War of the Spanish Succession from 1702–1713. The first cranes were installed after further improvements to the port in 1714.

Minehad faisait partie de l’hundred de Carhampton.[5]

The Mermaid, une des plus vieilles entreprises de la ville, fut, a differents moments, a ship chandler's, un grand magasin du 19ème siècle et un salon de thé plus récemment. Le bâtiment accueillait le fameux Whistling Ghost - Old Mother Leakey, qui mourut en 1634. Le fantôme devint connu par le fait qu’il soufflait une tempête dès qu`un des bateaux de son fils approchait le port. Le niveau d’anxiété en ville devint si grand qu’en 1636 l’évêque de Bath dépêcha une commission royale pour enquêter sur le problème. La commission rapporta finalement que les témoins n’étaient pas dignes de confiance. Lorsque les conclusions furent signées par l’archevêque Laud, la celebrité du fantôme commença à décliner.[6]

By the beginning of the 18th century, trade between Minehead and Ireland, South Wales, Bristol and Bridgwater grew, with forty vessels based in the harbour for trade and herring fishing.[4] It was also a departure point for pilgrims to Santiago de Compostella.[2] Until the 19th century trade continued with Ireland but Minehead vessels started to travel further afield to Virginia and the West Indies. Further problems with the port continued and led to a decline in trade and the fisheries in the late 18th century and in 1834 the port lost its jurisdiction to Bridgwater.[2] In the 20th century most trade transferred to larger ports, but pleasure steamers did call at the port. Minehead Lifeboat Station was established in 1901 near the harbour.[7] The pier was demolished during the Second World War as it obstructed the view from the gun battery on the quay head,[8] as part of the coastal defence preparations, which stopped steamers calling at the harbour until it was cleared in 1951.

Statue of Queen Anne in Wellington Square

Major rebuilding took place in the Lower or Middle town area following a fire in 1791.[4][9] In that year an Carrara marble statue of Queen Anne, sculpted by Francis Bird was presented to the town by Sir Jacob Bancks, who served as the local Member of Parliament from 1698 to 1715. It originally stood in the parish church but was moved to Wellington Square in 1893,[4] when the marble pedestal and canopy by H. Dare Bryan were added.[10] Lower town and the quay area were rebuilt and the fortunes of the town revived with the growth in sea bathing, and by 1851 was becoming a retirement centre.[2]

Early areas of development of the town include Higher Town with its cottages, many of which are "listed" buildings of historic interest, some of which are still thatched, and the Quay area. In Victorian times wealthy industrialists built large houses on North Hill and hotels were developed so that tourism became an important industry.[11] There was a marked increase in building in the early years of the 20th century when the landowners, the Luttrells of Dunster Castle, released extensive building land. One of the architects in the town was W.J.Tamlyn who came to the town from Barnstaple, Devon and was responsible for designing several hundred properties including the Market House, Town Hall and Queens Hall.[12] His input resulted in the many houses and terraces to be seen leading off from the town centre and up North Hill with red Bridgwater tiles and sandstone detailing on the Edwardian style architecture.[13] In Victorian times tourism grew as an important industry.[11]

The steamship SS Pelican grounded in Minehead Bay on 22 June 1928, on an unmarked reef known as the Gables that circles Minehead Bay, 0,7 milles (1,1265408 km) from land.[14] The Pelican was sailing from Port Talbot to Highbridge. The crew of five were rescued by the Minehead Lifeboat. Evacuees were billeted in Minehead during the Second World War. Butlins opened in 1962, and has brought thousands of visitors to the town.[2]

Governement[modifier | modifier le code]

The civil parish of Minehead is governed by a town council, which was created in 1983. In 2002, the parish was estimated to have a population of 10,330. Administratively, Minehead has been part of the West Somerset local government district since 1974, having previously been Minehead Urban District.[15] The district is in turn part of the Somerset shire county, and administrative tasks are shared between county, district and town councils.[16]

It falls within the Bridgwater and West Somerset constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The current MP is Ian Liddell-Grainger, a member of the Conservative Party.[17]

Minehead is within the South West England (European Parliament constituency), which elects six MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Geographie[modifier | modifier le code]

One of the wild ponies on north hill

Minehead is located on the Bristol Channel coast of South-West England, and thus experiences one of the highest tidal ranges in the world. The tidal rise and fall in the Bristol Channel can be as great as 14,5 m (48 pi),[18] second only to the Bay of Fundy in Eastern Canada.[19][20]

The town is overlooked by North Hill, and is just outside the boundaries of Exmoor National Park. The cliff exposures around the shoreline are dramatic and fossils are exposed. Areas of the town included Higher Town, Quay Town and Lower or Middle Town, although they are no longer separate.[4]

In 1990, much of Minehead's beach was washed away in a severe storm which also caused serious flooding in the town. A £12.6 million sea defence scheme by the Environment Agency was designed to reduce the risk of this erosion and flooding happening in the future. The Environment Agency built 1,1 milles (1,7702784 km) of new sea wall and rock or concrete stepped revetments between 1997 and 1998 and imported 320,000 tons of additional sand in 1999 to build a new beach. This beach sits between four rock groynes and has been built at a much higher level than the previous beach so that it the waves are broken before they reach the new sea wall. Any waves that do reach the new wall are turned back by its curved shape. The town's new sea defences were officially opened in 2001.[21]

Blenheim Gardens, which is Minehead’s largest park, was opened in 1925.[4] The bandstand within the park is used to host musical events.[22]

Along with the rest of South West England, Minehead has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. The annual mean temperature is about 10 °C (50 °F) with seasonal and diurnal variations, but due to the modifying effect of the sea, the range is less than in most other parts of the United Kingdom. January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 °C (34°F) and 2 °C (36 °F). July and August are the warmest months in the region with mean daily maxima around 21 °C (70 °F). In general, December is the dullest month and June the sunniest. The south west of England enjoys a favoured location, particularly in summer, when the Azores High extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK.[23]

Cloud often forms inland, especially near hills, and reduces exposure to sunshine. The average annual sunshine totals around 1,600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. Average rainfall is around 800–900 mm (31–35 in). About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.[23]

Landmarks[modifier | modifier le code]

Sculpture marking the start of the South West Coast Path

The town's major tourist attraction is Butlins holiday camp. Others include: the terminus of the West Somerset Railway; the town's main ornamental park, Blenheim Gardens, off Blenheim Road; and the Minehead & West Somerset Golf Club, Somerset's oldest golf club, established in 1882, which has an 18-hole links course. A variety of sailing and wind surfing options are on offer, as well as the usual beach activities. There are many other attractions and amusement arcades and a variety of well-known high street stores such as W H Smith and Boots, together with independent local shops. The town has both a Tesco and a Morrisons supermarket on its outskirts.

The South West Coast Path National Trail starts at a marker, erected in Minehead in 2001, partly paid for by the South West Coast Path Association. The UK's longest long-distance countryside walking trail, it runs along the South West Coast to Poole in Dorset.[24]

Transports[modifier | modifier le code]

Minehead Railway Station

The town's location—sea to the north and Exmoor to the south—means that transport links are limited. Minehead is located on the A39 road.

Local bus services are operated by Webberbus (seven routes), First Somerset & Avon (three routes), and Quantock Motor Services (two routes).

Minehead railway station is close to the beach. The Minehead Railway was opened on 16 July 1874, linking the town to Modèle:Stnlnk and beyond. It was operated by the Bristol and Exeter Railway which was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway in 1876. The Minehead Railway was itself absorbed into the GWR in 1897,[25] which in turn was nationalised into British Railways in 1948.[26] It was closed on 4 January 1971 but has since been reopened as the West Somerset Railway,[27] which is notable for being the longest heritage railway in Britain.[28]

Education[modifier | modifier le code]

In Minehead, there are two first schools, one middle school[29] and an upper school, West Somerset Community College, which provides education for 1298 students between the ages of 13 and 18.[30] In 2006 there was debate about changing West Somerset's 3-tier school system to a 2-tier system to match the rest of Somerset and the majority of education authorities in the UK.

Sites religieux[modifier | modifier le code]

:St Michael's Church tower

The Anglican parish church of St. Michael dates from the 15th century and has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building;[31] its tower used to display a beacon light for ships approaching the harbour.[1] After being caught in a violent storm at sea, Robert Quirke dedicated a ship and its cargo to God's service,[1] as well as donating a cellar near the quay for prayers to be offered for those at sea. Dating from 1628 and known as the Gibraltar Celler  [sic], it is now the Chapel of St Peter.[32] The Church of St Michael the Archangel in Alcombe was built in 1903 as a chapel of ease for the Dunster parish, but in 1953 it became the Parish Church of Alcombe in its own right.[33] St. Andrew's Church in Minehead was built of red sandstone in 1877–1880, by George Edmund Street.[34]

Butlins Minehead is the only Butlins resort still to have a small on-site chapel,[35] and over the Easter period the entire resort plays host to an annual Spring Harvest, the largest Christian festival in the UK.[36] The Catholic parish of Minehead covers an area of 200 milles carrés (517,997622 km2) and is served by the Sacred Heart Parish Church, built in 1896,[37] as well as a mass centre in the nearby village of Watchet. There are also religious sites serving the needs of the Baptist, Evangelical, Methodist and United Reformed communities and the Plymouth Brethren.[33]

Economie locale[modifier | modifier le code]

Minehead has one of the UK's three remaining Butlins holiday camps, and tourism has been a part of Minehead's economy since Victorian times. At the height of the season in late July and early August, the town's population is significantly increased by an influx of tourists.

There is a Farmers' Market in the Parade every Friday from 8.30am to 2pm, with a wide range of reasonably priced local produce.[38]

Culture[modifier | modifier le code]

The town hosts the annual Minehead and Exmoor Festival, a week-long classical music festival that has been running since 1963.[39] Richard Dickins has held the post of artistic director for the festival since 1982.

The wooded bluffs above Minehead feature as the Hermit's abode "in that wood which slopes down to the sea", in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.[40] The poet lived nearby, at Nether Stowey (between Bridgwater and Minehead). His statue can be seen at the nearby harbour at Watchet. He and Wordsworth (who lived nearby at Alfoxton House) would often roam the hills and coast on long night walks; leading to local gossip that they were 'spies' for the French. The Government sent an agent to investigate, but found they were, indeed, "mere poets". Cecil F. Alexander wrote the popular Anglican hymn All Things Bright And Beautiful in Minehead and in nearby Dunster the verse:

"The purple headed mountain, The river running by, The sunset and the morning, That brightens up the sky;−" Refers to Grabbist hill and the River Avill that runs near it through the popular tourist location Snowdrop Valley on Exmoor

Minehead was the subject of a parody skit as the fictional target of a takeover in Monty Python's infamous "Mr. Hilter" sketch, where barely concealed caricatures of Hitler, von Ribbentrop and Heinrich Himmler conspire at a local rooming house. There, the "National Bocialist" party wish to unite Minehead and Taunton in a manner similar to the Anschluss between Germany and Austria in 1938.[41][42]

May Day Hobby Horse[modifier | modifier le code]

Minehead Hobby Horse

One popular ancient local tradition involves the Hobby Horse, or Obby Oss,[1] which takes to the streets on the eve of the first of May each year, with accompanying musicians and rival horses, for four days. In fact there are three rival hobby horses, the Original Sailor's Horse, the Traditional Sailor's Horse and the Town Horse.[43] They appear on May Eve (called "Show Night"), on May Day morning (when they salute the sunrise at a crossroads on the outskirts of town), 2 and 3 May (when a ceremony called "The Bootie" takes place in the evening called "Bootie Night" at part of town called Cher). Each horse is made of a boat-shaped wooden frame, pointed and built up at each end, which is carried on the dancer's shoulders.[4] As at Padstow, his face is hidden by a mask attached to a tall, pointed hat. The top surface of the horse is covered with ribbons and strips of fabric. A long fabric skirt, painted with rows of multicoloured roundels, hangs down to the ground all round. A long tail is attached to the back of the frame. Each horse is accompanied by a small group of musicians and attendants. The Town Horse is accompanied by "Gullivers", dressed similarly to the horse but without the large frame; as at Padstow, smaller, children's horses have sometimes been constructed. The horses' visits are (or were) believed to bring good luck. In the past there was also a similar hobby horse based at the nearby village of Dunster, which would sometimes visit Minehead. The first of May has been a festival day in Minehead since 1465.

Sport et loisir[modifier | modifier le code]

Minehead Barbarians, the town's rugby club, have been playing together since the 1930s,[44] but the main local football club, Minehead F.C., is even older, founded in 1889.[45] In September 2007, the TWIF European Outdoor Tug of war Championships was held at the football club's stadium.[46] Minehead Cricket Club, based at the West Somerset Community College in Alcombe, field four men's teams and one women's team.[47] Swimmers are catered for by the Aquasplash leisure pool on Seaward Way,[48] and there are plans for a new pool to be built in the grounds of the West Somerset Community College.[49] There is a bowls club on Irnham Road.[50]

Minehead has on several occasions played host to the Britain's Strongest Man contest, most recently in 2004,[51] and since 2006 the Butlins Resort has been one of the venues for the World Wrestling Entertainment's UK winter tour.[52] In 2010 stage four of the Tour of Britain cycling race started in Minehead.[53]

In April 2010 RadioMinehead.com started to broadcast music, travel news, events guide and general to and for the Minehead community.

The 2011 European Outdoor Tug of War Championships was held within the grounds at Butlin's Minehead from 22 to 25 September.[54]

In December 2012 Minehead will play host to the PDC World Cup of Darts.[55]

Residents notable[modifier | modifier le code]

  • Peter Hurford (born 1930), organist and composer, was born in Minehead.
  • Tim Kevan writer, blogger and barrister, author of the Baby Barista series of books, was raised in Minehead

Références[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. a b c d et e (en) Lornie Leete-Hodge, Curiosities of Somerset, Bodmin, Bossiney Books, (ISBN 0-906456-98-3), p. 45
  2. a b c d e f g et h Clare Gathercole, « Minehead », English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey, Somerset County Council (consulté le ), p. 4–8
  3. Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. London: Penguin, 2003. (ISBN 0-14-143994-7) p.262-6
  4. a b c d e f g et h « History », Minehead Town Council (consulté le )
  5. « Carhampton Hundred », Domesday Map (consulté le )
  6. "Minehead Ghost" at exmoorencyclopedia.org.uk
  7. « History », Minehead lifeboat (consulté le )
  8. (en) Grahame Farr, Somerset Harbours, London, Christopher Johnson, , 140–154 p.
  9. (en) Michael Havinden, The Somerset Landscape, London, Hodder and Stoughton, coll. « The making of the English landscape », (ISBN 0-340-20116-9), p. 139
  10. « Statue of Queen Anne », Images of England, English Heritage (consulté le )
  11. a et b « Minehead Holidays », Minehead Holidays (consulté le )
  12. « The Town Hall », Minehead Town Council (consulté le )
  13. (en) Pauline Brain, Some Men Who Made Barnstaple...: And Arts & Crafts in Barnstaple, Roundabout Devon Books, (ISBN 978-0-9565972-0-5)
  14. « Wreck, Minehead foreshore », Somerset Historic Environment Record, Somerset County Council (consulté le )
  15. « Minehead Urban District », A Vision of Britain Through Time, University of Portsmouth (consulté le )
  16. Erreur de référence : Balise <ref> incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées popn
  17. « Alphabetical List of Constituencies and Members of Parliament », House Of Commons Information Office (consulté le )
  18. « Severn River Basin District », Envioprnment Agency (consulté le ), p. 3
  19. (en) Marjorie A. Chan, Archer, Allen William, Extreme Depositional Environments: Mega End Members in Geologic Time, Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, (ISBN 0-8137-2370-1, lire en ligne), p. 151
  20. « Coast: Bristol Channel », BBC (consulté le )
  21. « Minehead – Taming the tempestuous tides » [PDF], The Environment Agency (consulté le )
  22. « Blenheim Gardens Festival », Brit Events (consulté le )
  23. a et b « South West England: climate », Met Office (consulté le )
  24. SWCPA, « Photo tour: Minehead marker » (consulté le )
  25. (en) E T MacDermot, History of the Great Western Railway, vol. 2 (1863–1921), London, 1, , 173–174 p. (ISBN 0-7110-0411-0)
  26. (en) G Freeman Allen, The Western Since 1948, Shepperton, Ian Allan, , 9–12 p. (ISBN 0-7110-0883-3)
  27. (en) Mike Oakley, Somerset Railway Stations, Bristol, Redcliffe Press, , 88–89 p. (ISBN 1-904537-54-5)
  28. « West Somerset Railway », Angielski co uk (consulté le )
  29. « Minehead Middle School », Minehead Middle School (consulté le )
  30. « West Somerset Community College », Ofsted (consulté le )
  31. « Parish Church of St Michael », Images of England (consulté le )
  32. « St Peter, Minehead », Church of England (consulté le )
  33. a et b « Minehad », Churches together (consulté le )
  34. « Church of St Andrew », Images of England (consulté le )
  35. « Minehead over the years », Butlins Memories (consulté le )
  36. (en) Steven Morris, « No to knobbly knees: Butlins tries to bring Miami touch to Minehead », The Guardian,‎ (lire en ligne)
  37. « Sacred Heart Parish Church », Sacred Heart (consulté le )
  38. « Minehead Farmers Market », Minehead Farmers Market (consulté le )
  39. « Minehead and Exmoor Festival », Minehead and Exmoor Festival (consulté le )
  40. « Minehead », Everything Exmoor (consulté le )
  41. « Episode 12 », Ib Rasmussen's Web Domain (consulté le )
  42. « Visitors / Mr. Hitler / The North Minehead By-election », Monty Python's Flying Circus: The Sketches, PythoNet (consulté le )
  43. « Minehead Hobby Horse », Minehead Hobby Horse (consulté le )
  44. « History », Minehead Barbarians RFC (consulté le )
  45. « About Us », Minehead FC (consulté le )
  46. « Fixtures », St Pats Tug of War (consulté le )
  47. « Minehead CC », play-cricket (consulté le )
  48. « Aquasplash leisure pool », iSomerset (consulté le )
  49. (en) Lloyd Vaughan, « New Minehead swimming pool "a long journey" », Somerset County Gazette,‎ (lire en ligne)
  50. « Minehead Bowls Club », Bowlsclub.org (consulté le )
  51. « History of Butlins », Butlins (consulté le )
  52. « WWE at Butlins », Butlins (consulté le )
  53. « Vacansoleil shine in the South West », Tour of Britain (consulté le )
  54. « News and results », Tug of War association (consulté le )
  55. « Butlins Minehead To Host Cash Converters Players Championship », Professional Darts Corporation (consulté le )
  56. (en) « Professor Richard Chorley », The Independent,‎ (lire en ligne)
  57. (en) Lech Mintowt-Czyz and Steve Bird, « Science fiction author Arthur C Clarke dies aged 90 », The Times, London,‎ (lire en ligne)
  58. « Nick Partridge », Charities Direct (consulté le )

Liens externes[modifier | modifier le code]

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