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The Internet uses the Domain Name System (DNS) to associate the names of computers with their numeric IP addresses and with other information. The top level of the domain name hierarchy, the DNS root, contains the top-level domains that appear as the suffixes of all Internet domain names. The official DNS root is administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). In addition, several organizations operate alternative DNS roots, often referred to as alt roots. These alternative domain name systems operate their own root nameservers and administer their own specific name spaces consisting of custom top-level domains.

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The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) has spoken out strongly against alternate roots in RFC 2826.[1]

Description[modifier | modifier le code]

The DNS root zone consists of pointers to the authoritative domain name servers for all TLDs (top-level domains). The root zone is hosted on a collection of root servers operated by several organizations around the world that all use a specific, approved list of domains that is managed by ICANN.

Alternative roots typically include pointers to all of the TLD servers for domains delegated by ICANN, as well as name servers for other, custom top-level domains that are not sanctioned by ICANN. Some alternate roots are operated by the organizations that manage these alternative TLDs.

Alternative DNS roots may be characterized broadly as those run for idealistic or ideological reasons, run as profit-making enterprises, and those run internally by an organization for its own use.[réf. nécessaire]

While technically trivial to set up, the maintenance of a reliable root server network is a serious undertaking.[réf. nécessaire] In order for the system to be effective, multiple servers must be run continuously without interruption in geographically diverse locations.

During the dot-com boom, some alternate root providersModèle:Who believed that there were substantial profits to be made from providing alternative top-level domains.[réf. nécessaire]

Only a small portion of Internet service providers actually use any of the domains served by alternate root operators, generally supporting only ICANN-sanctioned root servers. This has led to the commercial failure of several alternative DNS root providers.[réf. nécessaire]

A top-level domain with the name biz, created by Pacific Root, was in operation before ICANN approved the official domain biz, operated by Neulevel. For some time after the creation of the official domain, several alternate roots continued to resolve the name to Pacific Root's servers rather than Neulevel's. Therefore, some domain names existed in different roots and pointed to different IP addresses. The possibility of such conflicts, and their potential for destabilizing the Internet, is the main source of controversy surrounding alternate roots. Many of the alternate rootsModèle:Who try to coordinate with each other, but many do not, and no conflict resolution processes exist between them.

List of alternative roots[modifier | modifier le code]

This section lists the known alternate DNS roots.

Active alternate root zones[modifier | modifier le code]

Cesidian ROOT[modifier | modifier le code]

www.cesidianroot.net — Cesidian Root

Global-Anycast[modifier | modifier le code]

wiki.global-anycast.net — Global Anycast wiki page

NameCoin P2P DNS[modifier | modifier le code]

dot-bit.org — Namecoin project wiki

Namecoin top-level domains are not managed by any single organization. Every Namecoin peer has a database copy. Forced work is used to prevent squatting and other kinds of abuse. Namecoin software allows domain registration under any top-level domain, but only .bit top-level domain is currently supported. Users may either use alternative DNS, DNS suffix, gateway, browser plugin or install Namecoin software and gain independent authentic view of namespace. In the latter case, Namecoin domains can't be disabled or transferred by an authority.

MobileTLD[modifier | modifier le code]

www.mobiletld.com — MobileTLD

Name.Space[modifier | modifier le code]

about.namespace.org — name.space

Name.Space was founded in 1996 and is a supplemental root that resolves the legacy root managed by ICANN as well as hundreds of other top-level domains. Name.Space used crowd sourcing to originate zones based on user demand.[2] Some of the zones managed by Name.Space include: .ART, .BOOKS, .CHAT, .DESIGN, .FILM, .GREEN, .HELP, .INC, .LAW, .MUSIC, .NEWS, .PRESS, .RADIO, .SHOP, .TALK, .UNION, .VIDEO, .WORLD, and .ZONE.[3]

NewNations[modifier | modifier le code]

www.new-nations.net — NewNations

OpenNIC[modifier | modifier le code]

www.opennicproject.org — The OpenNIC Project

Public-Root[modifier | modifier le code]

public-root.com — Public-Root

UnifiedRoot[modifier | modifier le code]

www.unifiedroot.com — UnifiedRoot

Inactive alternate root zones[modifier | modifier le code]

AlterNIC[modifier | modifier le code]

AlterNIC ceased operation in 1997.

  • exp
  • llc
  • lnx
  • ltd
  • med
  • nic
  • noc
  • porn
  • xxx

eDNS[modifier | modifier le code]

eDNS (Enhanced Domain Name Service) was founded by a coalition of ISPs led by Karl Denninger of the Chicago-area MCSNet.[4][5] It ceased operation in 1998.

  • biz — General business use
  • corp — For use by corporations
  • fam — For and about family
  • k12 — For and about children
  • npo — Non-profit organizations
  • per — Personal Domain Name services
  • web — Web-based sites (Web pages)

Iperdome[modifier | modifier le code]

Iperdome stopped in 1999.

  • per — Personal Domain Name services
  • see the announcement
  • later the TLDs changed to:
    • biz — General business use
    • corp — For use by corporations
    • gay — For and about gay people
    • k12 — For and about children
    • npo — Non-profit organizations
    • pol — Related to Poland and Polish organizations
    • web — Web-based sites (Web pages)

Open Root Server Network[modifier | modifier le code]

ORSN — a mirror of the ICANN root; terminated 31 December 2008.

Open RSC[modifier | modifier le code]

Open RSC

One of the notable challengers to ICANN's control of the DNS namespace was Open RSC, a group that grew out of private discussions and developed into a public mailing list. It grew large enough that the group decided to submit an application to the United States government to run the DNS.[6]

The organization posted bylaws and articles of incorporation outlining ORSC's position following extensive public discussion regarding the manner in which the DNS was operated.[7][8]

ICANN chairwoman Esther Dyson acknowledged adopting features such as membership from ORSC in her response to the United States Department of Commerce.[9]

ORSC publishes a root zone containing additional top level domains not found in the official root zone:

  • per — personal pages
  • etc — anything
  • web — for the Web
  • shop — online shops
  • pickle — funny name
  • sco — for Scottish culture
  • mail — a top-level domain for email, to reduce spam and clearly identify email servers.

See also[modifier | modifier le code]

References[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. RFC 2826 (informational), IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root, Internet Architecture Board, The Internet Society (May 2000), Quote: "There is no getting away from the unique root of the public DNS." (page 5)
  2. « Name.Space Vote for the new gTLDs », namespace.org (consulté le )
  3. « Generic Top-Level Domains (new gTLDs) by NAME.SPACE », namespace.org (consulté le )
  4. (en) Will Rodger, « Schism hits Domain Name System », Inter@ctive Week,‎ (lire en ligne)
  5. (en) « Rogue domains revolt », CNET,‎ (lire en ligne)
  6. « ORSC proposal of 8 October 1998 » [archive du ], Ntia.doc.gov (consulté le )
  7. « ORSC bylaws » [archive du ], Ntia.doc.gov (consulté le )
  8. « ORSC articles of incorporation » [archive du ], Ntia.doc.gov (consulté le )
  9. « NTIA Reviewing ICANN November 6 Submission » [archive du ], Ntia.doc.gov (consulté le )

External links[modifier | modifier le code]